Benefits of growing grapes in greenhouse
One-year investment (simple waterproof membrane for bamboo and wood frame and steel wire for cement column)
[1] Seedling per mu 1320-2000 yuan or so.
[2] Fertilizer is about 500 yuan per mu.
[3] Scaffolding materials are about 350-2,000 yuan per mu.
[4] Pesticide is about 200 yuan per mu.
[5] About 60 workers are invested per mu.
Total: The total investment per mu in the first year is about 2370-4700 yuan, 60 working days.
2. Investment in the second year (simple rain-proof membrane made of bamboo and wood frame materials and cement column steel wire)
[1], the fertilizer is about 600 yuan per mu.
[2], the plastic film is about 0-300 yuan per mu.
[3], the pesticide per mu is about 300 yuan.
[4], about 30 people per mu.
[5], paper bags are about 100-500 yuan per mu.
Total: the total investment per mu is about 1300- 1700 yuan, 30 working days.
3. Benefit analysis:
[1], under the normal management in the first year, the fruit yield per mu is about 300- 1000 kg, and the benefit in the first year is 600-2000 yuan, based on the minimum 2 Jin Yuan; The price of raisins per catty is around 3.5-6 yuan.
[2] After entering the high-yield period in the second year, about 3,500 Jin of high-quality fruit can be produced per mu, and the benefit per mu can be about 7000-10.05 million yuan. After deducting the total cost of 3670-6400 yuan, the net profit can reach 3330-4 100 yuan. The annual output in the future will be above 3,500 Jin, which can last for decades.
[3] Ten years, low-standard net profit per mu: 600+7000? 9-2370- 1300? 9=54930 yuan/mu, high standard net profit per mu: 2000+ 10500? 9-4700- 1700? 9 = 76,500 yuan/mu.
Method of growing grapes in greenhouse
First, build a garden.
1. The shed structure adopts single-layer or arched steel pipe or bamboo shed, with a shed width of 6-8m, a shoulder width of 1.6-2.0m, a top height of 2.8-3.2m, and unlimited length. The covering film adopts PVC long-life film or ethylene-vinyl acetate film.
2. plant two rows in each shed with a row spacing of 3 ~ 4 meters. y？ Shape or? Double cross? Hedgehog frame or each shed is planted with 1 ~ 2 rows of small arched shed frames, and the height of the shed top is1.8 ~ 2.0m. ..
Second, colonization.
1, preparation before planting: open a big ditch, 60 ~ 80 cm deep, 80 cm wide and unlimited in length. Bury cement columns every 4 ~ 4.5 meters, mix 5000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, use 2% calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate as base fertilizer, fully mix with soil, and turn over the ditch for planting.
2. Planting: The seedlings are planted in 65438+February in winter or February-March in spring. Seedling raising in electric hotbed should take root from late October to early February at 65438+1and be planted in nursery in the middle and late April. Plant two rows in the greenhouse with a row spacing of 3-4 meters; Plant spacing: strong variety 1.5 ~ 2m, weak variety1m. That year, the seedlings were cultivated in a shelter from the rain.
Three, seedling management:
1. Apply thin fertilizer frequently and water after planting. After the seedlings germinate or slow down, apply thin fertilizer every half a month or so (to avoid excessive fertilization). By mid-August, stop applying nitrogen fertilizer, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in stages, combine spraying and topdressing outside the roots.
2. Pest control: Generally, Eurasian grape varieties are sensitive to Bordeaux solution containing a lot of lime, so fungicides such as chlorothalonil, carbendazim methyl or DuPont Fosun are used during leaf tender. When leaves mature in autumn, Bordeaux mixture or Sheng Da m-45 can be used to control downy mildew. If downy mildew has occurred, metalaxyl can be used to control downy mildew. Strictly prevent chafers from eating leaves and spraying herbicides.
3. Tree culture: hedge frame: when the seedling height is 70-80 cm, pick the core and dry it, select the top two shoots, pull an iron wire at 70-80 cm to split the two shoots to both sides of the main vine, then pick the core to promote thickening when the length of the main vine is 82- 100 cm, and then pick the secondary branches and leave 4-6 leaves for core; Small shed frame: after the seedlings are uniaxially extended to the 1 meter shed surface, the core is removed. In this way, in autumn, the trees basically meet the conditions for fruiting.
4. Cultivation points:
1. Convenient cultivation: It takes about 1500-2000 hours for the dormant period of grapes in winter when the temperature is lower than 7.2℃. Full dormancy at low temperature can improve the uniformity of germination and flowering. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the dormancy ended from the end of June to the beginning of February, so the first half of February is the best time for greenhouse heat preservation (no heating). At this time, the lowest temperature in the whole year (65438+ in June) has been avoided, and the temperature began to rise slowly, so making full use of light energy is conducive to heat storage and insulation. For example, after defoliation in winter (1-65438+February), treating annual branches and buds with 20% lime nitrogen solution has obvious effects on breaking the dormancy of grapes, sprouting, flowering and fruiting about one week earlier. Cover the insulation or heating greenhouse appropriately in advance. Lime nitrogen is first stirred and dissolved with warm water, and the clear solution after precipitation can be used at any time. Brushing dormant buds with a brush has no adverse effect on flower quality.
2. Management before germination after plastic film mulching:
(1) film selection and coating. The strength of membrane is an important factor in grape cultivation in greenhouse in South China. High temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation in summer lead to rapid aging of the membrane, and typhoon damage and leakage in early autumn lead to fruit diseases. At present, the high-strength plastic film produced in China is an ideal anti-aging and long-life film. Early-maturing varieties are covered from February to August, and the film is uncovered after the fruit is harvested; Late-maturing varieties can be used continuously for two seasons (two years) from March to September, not exceeding half a year, and the aging of longevity film is not obvious. However, for late-maturing varieties, it is necessary to pressurize the film line on each shed to increase the wind resistance. When uncovering the film, the shed number should be marked on the first label in case it is covered in the same shed next year. The film width of the shed should be 8 meters, which can directly cover both sides, which is beneficial to shelter from rain and control water. Popularize greenhouse cultivation (early and middle maturity varieties), cover with plastic film and stop apron to keep warm; Rain-proof cultivation greenhouse (late-maturing variety) does not need heat preservation, and it can be without skirts, so that the two sides are better ventilated, which is conducive to delaying maturity.
(2) Heat preservation and moisture preservation in the shed. After plastic film mulching, the greenhouse should maintain the daily temperature of 28℃ and the night temperature of not less than 65438 00℃. In fact, the temperature difference between inside and outside the shed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai in February needs to be kept above 15℃ to reach the ideal temperature in the shed. The temperature in the shed is the decisive factor in the morning and evening, and it is more important to improve the temperature at night than during the day.
(3) Methods of increasing greenhouse temperature: double-layer plastic film mulching, floating surface plastic film mulching, rhizosphere plastic film mulching, etc. , in order to increase the ground temperature; A wind-proof wall is added to the northwest of the shed to prevent wind and increase the temperature in the shed.
(4) Fully irrigate the greenhouse before mulching with plastic film to keep the relative humidity of air in the greenhouse above 90% during germination, which is beneficial to orderly germination. If the air humidity in the greenhouse is too low before germination, the bud will be delayed or even withered. Adequate irrigation in greenhouse after plastic film mulching will lead to the decrease of soil temperature, so try to avoid irrigation halfway after plastic film mulching and spray water on branches to improve the wettability of buds.
Fourth, control pests and diseases.
The main diseases of grapes are downy mildew, black pox and rust. August-September is the peak of downy mildew, especially in rainy years. After grape picking, we should continue to do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases. We can choose 200 times semi-quantitative Bordeaux solution, 500 times solution of 5 0% Cmit wettable powder, 500 times solution of 65% zineb wettable powder and 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times solution to spray alternately every 65,438. In case of diseased spots, 700 times of Ritsumerum wettable powder or 250 times of mebendazole, or 500-800 times of 50% carbendazim and 75% chlorothalonil should be sprayed.
In addition, attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pests such as scarabs, grape moths and two-star leafhoppers.
Grape cultivation techniques
Seedling raising and planting
Ordinary cutting propagation, annual branches with vigorous cutting growth and full bud eyes. Single-bud or double-bud cutting grows about 5- 15cm, according to 15cm? Cutting at 50 cm of seedbed in February. However, rootstocks with strong adaptability and resistance should be selected in hot areas, and grafted seedlings suitable for local climate conditions should be cultivated through grafting propagation. In the selection of rootstocks, American Riverside grapes are heat-resistant and moisture-resistant; Vitis amurensis from East Asia is highly resistant to fungal diseases. Hot areas can be planted in winter or in Kechun. Is the row spacing and plant spacing of the grid 3m? 1.5~2m, 1500 ~ 2000 plants/hm ㎡; Or is it 4m wide and narrow? 0.5 ~ 1m, 2250 ~ 4500 plants /hm2.
Fertilizer and water management
Grapes need a lot of nutrients, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer increase accordingly after entering the fruiting stage. In addition to organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium need 80 ~ 150 kg per hectare, which is adjusted according to variety, yield, tree potential and soil fertility. Apply base fertilizer after winter, and apply 30,000 kg of chicken and duck manure, 3,750 kg of cake fertilizer and 3,750 kg of calcium superphosphate per hectare. Topdressing before shading buds, flowering and fruit expansion, and spraying Zhuangguodiling and Gymboree microbial sweeteners in time. In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly used to promote the growth of branches and shoots, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied in the fruit expansion stage, and the effect would be better with Gymboree microbial fertilizer.
Because a large number of beneficial microorganisms in microbial bacterial fertilizer proliferate and spread rapidly in the soil in geometric progression, the metabolites of functional microorganisms can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, improve hydrophilicity and adsorption, enhance permeability and water and fertilizer conservation ability, thus achieving the effects of drought and flood, increasing production and income, and improving quality. Topdressing outside the roots and spraying 0. 3% urea and 0. 2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can promote fruit expansion and ripening. In order to produce high-quality grapes, irrigation facilities are needed in the garden to avoid drastic changes in soil dryness and wetness. Generally, there is a lot of water demand in germination stage and young fruit growth stage, so irrigation should be done in time in case of drought.
Plastic trimming
In hot areas, small sheds or T-hedges are generally used for single stems and fewer main vines. The frame is higher than the ground, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission and reduces the damage of diseases and ground radiation to leaves and fruits. Pruning is one of the important measures to ensure the output of the year. Winter occurs after defoliation, with long branches of 8 ~ 12 knots, middle branches of 5 ~ 7 knots and short branches of 3 ~ 1 knot. Summer pruning is to remove the redundant buds in the germination stage, and coat a layer of calluses at the pruning mouth. Before flowering, too many inflorescences should be sparse, the big ones should be kept small, and the strong ones should be kept weak. When the branches and vines grow to a certain extent, they should be tied to the surface of the frame, and the tendrils should be removed in time to reduce nutrient consumption. Results 5 ~ 7 leaves were left before the inflorescence to improve the nutritional status. Grape has a high fruit setting rate, so it can be thinned appropriately to make the fruit size uniform, otherwise abnormal fruit and small fruit will appear.
Made of galvanized iron wire and plastic, the branches are tied on the steel wire, which saves time and trouble, is durable, not easy to age and repeatedly tied.
Multiple result branching measure
(1) Use the auxiliary tip to bear fruit many times a year. The tropical climate is warm, the growth period is long, the buds are early, the secondary buds germinate many times, the inflorescence primordium is easy to form, and the grapes can be induced to bear fruit many times a year. Choose suitable varieties, such as Kyoho, white banana and so on. Before flowering 15 ~ 20 days, after leaving 4 ~ 6 leaves on the fruiting vine for coring, the top will germinate 12 subsidiary branches, and the rest will be erased to form inflorescence primordium; When the secondary tip is 5 ~ 6 leaves long, leave 1 ~ 2 leaves for forced coring; Secondary buds appear after coring, and when it grows to 3 ~ 4 leaves, leave 1 leaf for coring; The secondary branches are treated three times in the same way, and after many times of coring treatment, the secondary branches can bear fruit many times a year.
(2) Artificial defoliation forces new buds to germinate. After picking the fruit for the first time, about August to September, forcibly prune and pick the leaves, or spray 1.035kg/L stone sulfur mixture on the branches and vines, and add 1% ~ 5% sodium pentachlorophenol to make the leaves fall off. At this time, the temperature is very high, which can make the new buds sprout, blossom and bear fruit that year and mature in the first half of June. Because twice a year, fertilizer and water management should keep up in time.
Spraying Guoxing plant nutrients can further improve the yield and quality of grapes. According to the biological and physiological characteristics of grapes, it is the best economic benefit to use it five times in vineyards with good management level in normal years, and the five-time use period is:
The first time: in the growth period of new shoots, supplement nutrition, promote the full development of flower organs, reduce residual flowers, overcome the problem that flowers fail to bear fruit or fall off seriously due to insufficient nutrition and poor development, and lay a good foundation for improving fruit setting rate.
The second time: flowering, which can enhance the pollination and fertilization ability and significantly improve the fruit setting rate. Especially for varieties with slow pollen tube elongation such as Kyoho, the effect is more obvious. However, attention should be paid to thinning out too many fruit grains in time to make the whole ear fruit grains even and tidy.
The third and fourth times: the growing period of berries is the key period for the formation of yield and quality. It can improve the physiological function of leaves, speed up the light and speed, promote the accumulation and transformation of photosynthetic products of fruit grains, and promote the early expansion, early coloring and early maturity of fruit grains, thus achieving the goals of high yield, early maturity and high quality.