terracotta warriors and horses of qin shihuang mausoleum
Inner and outer walls, the inner city perimeter is 3840m, and the outer city perimeter is 62 10/0m. There are about 8- 10 meters high walls inside and outside the walls, and there are still relics. The burial area is in the south, and the sleeping hall and the convenient hall are built in the north. 1974 65438+1On October 29th, a local farmer dug a well and accidentally dug out the head of a ceramic warrior, which was located 1.5 km east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. After the excavation of the relevant state institutions, the terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum were finally discovered, which shocked the whole world. According to a manuscript of the Song Dynasty's Yongle Grand Ceremony compiled by the Dynasty, the ceremony lasted for three to four years: on September 6th, the third year of Kaibao, Yaozhou, Jingzhou, Fengxiang, Henan, said that the imperial edict should be approved first, and the tombs of Wang Cheng, Kang Wang, Qin Shihuang, Han Gaozu, Wendi, Jingdi, Wudi, Yuan Di and Chengdi should be inspected. Imperial edict: Every emperor made a ceremonial dress, and the emperor took it away and buried it again in a coffin. Still by the director collectors, Yan Jie sacrifice. Its ceremonial clothes put the exile system of Taichang Court under the supervision and repair system of Shaofu. When using Jinbao, change it to a fake one. Payment shall be made after the date of completion and submission. Then I went down to Taichang Court, and all the musical instruments were heard. Please send Tian Tongguan and crimson gauze robe to the courtyard and ask Shaofu supervisor to make them. On February 28th, the fourth year of Kaibao, a generation of imperial tombs was developed, and now it has been ordered to be reburied. For fear of endangering farming, it is advisable to replace it with a thousand soldiers of Xiang army. In March, imperial edict: build the mausoleum of the first emperor and build temples. Tai Hao (), Yan Di (Weizhou), Huangdi (), Levin (Yizhou), (Songzhou), (Yunzhou), Yu Shun (Daozhou), Nuwa (Jinzhou), Shang (and Zhongfu), Zhou Wenwang and Wu. Emperor Wudi of Shang Dynasty (Daming [Ming] Mansion), Emperor Gaozong Wuding (Chen Zhou), Emperor Kang Wang, Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi of Western Jin Dynasty (Xijing), Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wendi (Yaozhou), Emperor Gaozu of Sui Dynasty and Emperor Wendi (Fengxiang Mansion), Emperor Qin Shihuang and Emperor Hanjing (and). Ordered to check and clean the schools one by one, pollution is harmless, and more trees are planted, which is under the jurisdiction of the county captain. Or damaged, repair when painting. Books and calendars must be replaced and approved. ☆ According to the above records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has been "developed", and it was reburied at a huge expense in the Song Dynasty, and the mausoleum was "replaced with a fake one".
Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shihuang was an outstanding politician and strategist in the history of China. His surname is Zhao [1][2], and he is a famous politician. He is the son of Wang Xiang of Qin Zhuang. From 236 BC to 2265438 BC 15 years, Qin destroyed Korea, Zhao, Wei and Chu successively. "The king of Qin sweeps Liuhe, and the tiger potential is He Xiongzai; Swing the sword and set the clouds, and the princes will come to the West. " Qin Shihuang, the omnipotent monarch, not only left great achievements to future generations, but also left this mysterious royal cemetery. Qin Shihuang was the first founding emperor in the Qin Dynasty to unify China. In the pre-Qin period, men were all called by their surnames, so they were called "Qin", "Qin" and "Zhao". Later, many people called them Ying Zheng. Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, which had a far-reaching and significant impact on the history of China and the world, and was praised as "the first emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty. In 247 BC, Qin/Kloc ascended the throne at the age of 0/3. In 238 BC (Qin Jiu year), when Qin Shihuang was 22 years old, he held an adult monarch coronation ceremony in his old capital, Yongcheng, and began to "govern the country personally", getting rid of Lao Ai and others, and reusing Li Sihe. Xianyang was its capital from 230 BC to 22 BC1year. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his way to the East. Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous three emperors and five emperors, and agreed that the title of minister should be changed to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, so he called himself "the first emperor", but he died the next year. It has had a far-reaching and significant impact on the history of China and the world. According to Records of the Historian and Biography of Lv Buwei, Qin Shihuang's mother Zhao Ji was originally the concubine of Lv Buwei. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, a famous government was born in Evonne. According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", "The Emperor of Qin Shihuang, Qin Zhuangzi also. King Xiang of Zhuang made a proton in Zhao Shengqin. When he met Ji, he gladly took it and became the emperor. " As the son of an underrated proton, Zhao Zheng spent his youth in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this point, the aliens have returned to the State of Qin through Lv Buwei's mediation, and recognized Mrs. Huayang as her mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Lv Buwei spent a lot of energy and money to bring Evonne and her son back to Qin. From then on, Zhao Zheng began his political career in Qin king Palace.
Royal cemetery
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the tombs of emperors in past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the bottom area of the paddock is about 120 square meters and the height is 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120).
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
As high as a mountain, it has been reduced by more than 40 meters after weathering, erosion and man-made destruction. The total area of the whole mausoleum area is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow. There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stables pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids. surname
Architectural drawing of Qin Shihuang mausoleum
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was the first batch of key cultural relics protection units announced by the people of China and the State Council; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the World Cultural Heritage Protection List, making it a * * for all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The largest catacombs in the world.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world. The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Wear three springs, copper will lead the coffin.
Qin Shi Huang
Palace officials and strange monsters moved to Tibet. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy in the world, geography in the world, and mermaid cream is a candle, which lasts forever. Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and horses and tombs of bronze chariots and horses, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been newly discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries. Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "Reproducing the guard of honor-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, the cemetery and the underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
Large scale and rich burial.
Qinshi
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
The Imperial Tomb is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of our working people. It is a treasure house of history and culture. Among all the tombs of ancient emperors, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial. According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; Fish oil is used to light the lamp in the tomb to keep it alive ... The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor * * found 10 city gates, the north and south city gates and the south gate of the inner wall are on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure. The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
Army and horses-army
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
[3] Terracotta Warriors Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at 1500m to the east of the Mausoleum. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2,000 years came out, and it is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit. The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to drilling, there are three burial pits in * *, among which pit No.1 discovered in 1974 is the largest, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of about 5m. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit. Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", with about 6,000 clay figurines and life-size horses. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.
The eighth wonder of the world
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Former French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Edit this cemetery project
"The king of Qin swept Liuhe and looked at He Xiongzai. The criminal was 700,000, starting from the ground." This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented. The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. It was not Qin Shihuang's initiative that the ancient emperors built tombs during their lifetime. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for 39 years until the death of Qin Shihuang. Hu Hai, the second emperor, succeeded to the throne, and it took more than a year to complete the construction. Throughout the cemetery project, it can be divided into three construction stages. The initial stage of the cemetery project is 26 years from Qin Wang's accession to the throne to the unification of the whole country. At this stage, the design of the cemetery project and the main project construction were carried out one after another, which initially laid the scale and basic pattern of the cemetery project. From national unification to the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang, it took nine years to build a cemetery on a large scale. As many as 720,000 prisoners came to carry out large-scale construction, and the main project of the cemetery was basically completed. It took more than three years from the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang to the second winter in Qin Ershi, which was the last stage of the project. At present, it is mainly engaged in the finishing project and soil covering task of the cemetery. Although the mausoleum project lasted so long, the whole project was not finally completed. At that time, a magnificent peasant uprising broke out in history. Zhou Wen, a subordinate of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, led his troops to play in the water near the cemetery (now near Xingfeng, Lintong County). Facing the threat of the army to Xianyang, the new emperor II, who had not been tempered by the wind and rain, panicked and called his ministers to discuss countermeasures. He looks like a man in the depths of his soul, pleading with his ministers "why not". At this time, the Shaofu ordered Zhang Han to advise: "Thieves and soldiers have arrived, and many people are in Xinjiang. Not as close to the county seat as it is today. There are many people in Mount Li. Please forgive them and give them an army to attack them. " II immediately catered to this requirement and asked Zhang Han to lead a spiritual army to fight back against the rebels in Zhou Wen. So far, the cemetery project that has not been completely completed has to be suspended. In short, the cemetery project was forced to stop from site selection, design and construction to the end, which lasted for 37 ~ 38 years, ranking first in the history of mausoleum construction in China, and its construction time was 8 years longer than that in pyramid of khufu.