Due to different geographical and climatic conditions, potato cultivation techniques are different around the world. Tubers are mainly used for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid virus (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic virus) infection and knife ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 ~ 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Potato is most susceptible to diseases, including late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and bacterial wilt. Viral diseases include mosaic, leaf curl, viroid and mycoplasma. Pests include tuber moths, nematodes, cutworms and grubs. Most cultivated varieties are selected through cross breeding. In view of the shortage of common cultivated potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the comprehensive genome of potato-related cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance, high starch and high protein content. The main breeding approaches are as follows: ① The diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes are crossed with common cultivated species. (2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potato has high yield and strong adaptability to the environment. The main potato producing areas in China are southwest mountainous area, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwest mountainous area has the largest planting area, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total area. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China.

When tuber is used for asexual propagation, seed potato can germinate and grow at soil temperature of 5 ~ 8℃, and the optimum temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. The suitable temperature for the growth and flowering of plant stems and leaves is 16 ~ 22℃. The optimum temperature for tuber formation at night is 10 ~ 13℃ (soil temperature is 16 ~ 18℃), and it forms slowly when it is higher than 20℃. When the temperature drops to -2℃, it will be frozen.

1. potting technology

Due to the rising prices of agricultural products in the market, many people all over the world began to learn the technology of growing crops in small areas at home and grow vegetables at home. Potatoes are relatively easy to grow, and because they are basic foods, many ordinary families use potatoes to grow them.

Planting can use small plots of land in the garden, or use container materials with a depth of at least 24 cm, such as trash cans and large flowerpots. Generally speaking, a flowerpot can only grow one potato; And the vat can grow several.

The soil used for planting does not have to be fertile, but it must be dry and not suitable for planting in wet clay; The problem of soil alkalinity or acidity is not great. If you want high yield, it is best to use planting soil nutrient soil (liquid) to prepare nutrient soil (liquid) according to the fertilizer demand characteristics of vegetables, and humus soil, peat soil, sawdust, shavings, rice husk and so on can be mixed with peat. Or mixed with humus soil, compost soil and peat soil to make potted nutrient soil. Tissue culture and soilless culture can be used if conditions permit.

Dwarf varieties should be selected for the prevention and management of dwarfing of potted vegetables. At present, there are not many dwarf varieties, so it is necessary to control water and squat seedlings in the early stage of growth. The principle of water management is not to affect the growth and development of vegetables. At the same time, plant regulation can be used to dwarf plants, and growth regulators can be used to control plant growth if necessary.

Plastic technology can be used for pruning, scaffolding, modeling and landscaping according to vegetable varieties and market demand, and can be combined with several plants of the same variety or with different varieties for landscaping. For example, potted tomatoes adopt the method of continuous pit removal. According to the characteristics of strong growth potential of tomato, axillary buds on both sides can form branches, blossom and bear fruit, and pruning with two stems and three stems can be carried out, and growing points can be picked when the plant is 80 cm high, so that the plant is short and strong and the fruit is mature. By twisting branches, picking leaves and beating branches to make pots, the bearing capacity of basic branches is increased and the seed setting rate is improved.

Light nitrogen, heavy phosphorus and potassium bonsai vegetables require short stature, so they also pay attention to fertilization. If too much nitrogen fertilizer is applied, bonsai vegetables, especially ornamental fruit varieties, will grow too fast in the early stage, the plant type will not be well controlled, and they will lose their ornamental value. Therefore, bonsai vegetables should master the principle of light nitrogen and heavy phosphorus and potassium in fertilization.

Pest control potted miniature ornamental vegetables must be pollution-free vegetables, and their pests and diseases should be controlled by pollution-free technology. In principle, agricultural control and biological control are given priority to, supplemented by chemical control.

Some pollution-free technologies, such as spraying diluted detergent on ordinary flying insects; If there are mollusks such as snails eating leaves and roots, you can use melon skin and beer to attract snails to change their eating direction.

2. Field cultivation techniques

The flowering and potato-bearing period is the period with the largest water demand in the whole growth period. Under drought conditions, irrigation per mu 15 ~ 20 tons is the key technical measure to ensure high and stable yield of potatoes.

Generally speaking, under the condition of per mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg, potato absorbs about 6.65 ~1.65 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg of phosphoric acid and 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg of potassium oxide. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, loose black soil (pH 5.5 ~ 6.0) is the most ideal. The density should not be less than 4000 plants per mu.

Atlantic potato imported from the United States has high yield, good quality and remarkable benefits. The planting techniques are as follows:

1. Before sowing, prepare to dig 24 cm ~ 25 cm. Level again. If the soil moisture is insufficient before sowing, it should be irrigated 10 days in advance.

2. Prepare the fertilizer about 20 days in advance, evenly add 25 kg ~ 50 kg ammonium bicarbonate into the manure according to 300 kg ~ 500 kg per mu, seal and pile it in the sunny place, fully decompose and mix it, and apply it into the soil when the soil is deeply turned.

3. Pretreatment of potato seeds before sowing

① disinfection. Use 1.20 kg of seeds per mu, and spray the original seeds with 400-500 times of Thiobacillus solution.

2 cut into pieces. Cut each seed potato into more than 8 pieces. Because of its top advantage, cut as many pieces as possible at the top bud eye, then soak the seeds with 10 mg/kg gibberellin 1 for 5 minutes or spray the seeds with 75 kg water.

③ Promote germination. Spread potato blocks on the pure land suitable for soil moisture, so that the potato buds face upwards, spread 2 cm of soil and then spread a layer of seed potato, repeat 3-4 layers, spread 5 cm of soil again, pile them on the back of the sun, cover them tightly with agricultural film, and sow after 15 days.

Generally, the above work should be done before the middle of 1 month, because during the potato expansion period, if the outside temperature exceeds 25℃, the tubers will stop growing, and the seedlings and vines will grow vigorously, so there must be a suitable growth period of 90 days to 100 days, and sowing cannot be postponed.

4. According to the sowing requirements, the row spacing is 70cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, and the ditch depth is 6cm ~ 8cm. When planting seed potatoes, the potato buds are facing upwards, and then the soil is covered and ridged, and the height is 10cm ~ 15cm. After compaction, cover with plastic film, and after the film is placed on the top of the bud, break the film and cover the soil.

5. Field management should pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids when the seedlings are 3 ~ 5 leaves long. Topdressing 1 time at the initial stage of germination and full flowering respectively, and generally adding urea or 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and expansion agent to 500 times of Ralstonia solanacearum solution. Pay attention to strengthen field irrigation and increase yield during potato expansion period.

6. Harvest potatoes in time, and mid-June is the best. Should be harvested in time. ? Excerpt from: Rural Practical Science and Technology,No. 1 1 2002.

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spring management

First, break the film and transplant the seedlings in time. After the spring in our province, the temperature gradually rises, so it is necessary to regularly check the emergence of potato covered with plastic film in order to break the seedlings in time. A small hole is broken on the plastic film at the emergence place to lead out the seedlings, and the film hole is sealed with wet soil to prevent water loss, reduce the temperature in the film and avoid the film from breaking too late to burn the seedlings.

Second, early application of seedling potato fertilizer. When the potato in the field enters the whole seedling stage, it should be topdressing with quick-acting seedling fertilizer, with 200 kg of decomposed human manure per mu, or 25 kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 5-8 kg of potassium sulfate per mu mixed with water and applied in strips; Apply potato fertilizer once in bud stage, and apply ternary compound fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg around the plant per mu. Pay attention to the fact that fertilizer can't directly contact leaves and roots to prevent seedling injury.

Third, timely droughts and floods. For fields with "white" drought on the surface, irrigation should be carried out in time to fight drought. The irrigation method should be semi-furrow horse racing, and the soil should be drained immediately after wetting; There is more rain in the spring rain season, so ditch cleaning and drainage should be carried out in time. Especially in the later period, water management should be strengthened. Drought or water accumulation can easily lead to potato deformity and cracking, which will affect the quality.

Fourth, early soil cultivation and high ridge cultivation. The cultivation of potato soil can increase the number of nodes buried in the soil, increase the number of stolons, form more and larger tubers, prevent drought and cracking, and the tubers will turn blue when exposed to light. When the plant height at the seedling stage is about 10 ~ 15 cm, weeding should be combined with intertillage for the first time, so as to hoe the back of the ridge, close to the ridge eye, eliminate weeds and not damage the root seedlings; When the seedling height is about 25 cm, the second intertillage is carried out, and the soil is cultivated for 5 ~ 7cm；; Before flowering, it is necessary to carry out the third intertillage weeding and ridging to facilitate potato production.

Five, the prevention and control of low temperature freezing injury. Potatoes in our province are often affected by low temperature freezing injury in late spring, which will seriously cause frostbite and death of seedlings. The following measures can be taken to prevent or reduce the low temperature freezing injury of potatoes in cultivation.

1. chemical control. Spraying paclobutrazol 15% 35g and water 60kg evenly per mu in bud stage can prevent potato plants from growing white, make plants dwarf, make leaves thicker, make stems thicker, deepen leaf color, enhance cold resistance, effectively reduce freezing injury, and promote underground growth, accelerate tuber expansion and increase yield.

2. Increase the application amount of hot fertilizer. Appropriately increase the application of thermal fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, such as plant ash and burning soil. Because hot fertilizer can increase the ground temperature, potassium can affect the permeability of cells and increase the concentration of cells, thus enhancing the cold resistance.

3. Cover with grass to keep warm. Before the cold wave comes, cover potato plants with grass to keep warm and prevent freezing injury.

4. Irrigation and heat preservation. Before the cold wave comes 1 ~ 2 days, half ditch water should be poured in the border ditch to keep the border surface moist, so as to increase the soil heat capacity, reduce the thermal conductivity, increase the ground temperature and reduce the freezing damage, and drain water immediately after the cold wave.

5. Smoking to drive away frost. On the night when the frost comes, a small amount of waste diesel oil or waste engine oil is poured on the rice husk or sawdust or scrap iron bucket in the furnace, and then a little soil is covered on the rice husk or sawdust, and 5-6 pieces are smoked per mu, so as to change the microclimate and achieve the purpose of expelling frost and preventing frost.

6. Wash the frost in time to reduce freezing injury. Check the plants as early as possible after frosting and find frost. Before defrosting in the morning, spray water to wash the frost in time, which can not only clean the frost water but also reduce the temperature difference, prevent physiological dehydration and reduce freezing injury.

Sixth, strengthen pest control. To prevent and control potato diseases and insect pests, we should master the plant protection policy of "prevention first, combining prevention with control", strengthen fertilizer and water management, control field humidity, and create an environment conducive to plant growth and not conducive to the occurrence of diseases and insect pests.

1. Control of late blight:

The first is to use protective drugs for prevention. When the emergence rate reaches 95%, the protective drug, namely 70% mancozeb wettable powder, should be sprayed in time, and the dosage per mu is175 ~ 225g; Or 70% Antaisheng, the dosage per mu is150 ~ 200g; Or 75% kill animals violently, and the dosage per mu is125 ~150g; It is still 68.75% easy to protect, and the dosage of 75 ~ 94 grams per mu is very good.

Second, timely use of therapeutic drugs for prevention and treatment. When the central plant of late blight is found in the field, 68.75% silver farley (fluorine bacteria propamocarb) is used 60 ~ 75 ml per mu each time; Or 72% kelu (cymoxanil manganese zinc)100g; Or 27 grams of 52.5% metamizole (oxazolidinone cymoxanil); Or 80- 100g of 85% kepuding (cymoxanil, Bordeaux). And repeat the application every 7 ~ 10 days for 4 ~ 5 times in a row, and pay attention to the alternate use of chemicals.

2. Virus disease prevention and control:

In the field, the diseased plants with withered leaves and leaves should be removed in time. The uprooted plants should be transported out of the seed potato field in sealed containers or plastic bags and then burned. Dumping or direct burial is strictly prohibited to prevent pathogens from spreading through soil or groundwater.

3. Underground pest control:

Mainly used for preventing and controlling ground tigers, crickets, etc. Firstly, mixing Lesburn granules, Eupolyphaga Seu Steleophaga quick-killing granules and base fertilizer, and then spreading them into a fertilization ditch (or cooperating with soil tillage) to poison underground pests at seedling stage; Secondly, combined with the first fertilizer spraying, 90% crystal trichlorfon with 800~ 1000 times or 50% phoxim or beta-cypermethrin with 2000 times was used for seedling spraying protection.

4. Aphid control:

Before flowering after full sowing, use 20g of 2.5% chlorpyrifos wettable powder or 10% chlorpyrifos aphid15g +A500~700 times of virus A500, and spray 50kg of water for 2~3 times per mu.

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Eliminate pests and diseases

The main disease of potato is late blight, and the prevention and control measures are as follows: first, strict quarantine, no transfer of seeds out of the ward; Second, it is necessary to do a good job in seed potato processing, implement whole potato planting, and pay attention to knife disinfection if it is necessary to cut into pieces; Third, in the growing period, if plants with late blight are found, they should be sprayed with chemicals in time, which can be controlled by 50% mancozeb wettable powder 1000 times or 25% Toxomycete wettable powder 800 times. 65438 +0 times every 7 days, 3-4 times in a row.

Pictures of potato diseases and insect pests (5 photos)

The main pests of potatoes are aphids, ladybugs and underground pests. The main control methods are as follows: using 40% omethoate 800 times solution or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1000 times solution to control aphids; Spraying 80% trichlorfon 500 times solution or dimethoate 1000 times solution on 28-star ladybug, control will be started as soon as adults are found; The underground pests are mainly grubs, grubs and cutworms. Dissolve 500g of 80% trichlorfon wettable powder in water, mix it with 20kg of fried cottonseed cake or vegetable seed cake or wheat bran as poison bait, and sprinkle it on the ground near the roots of seedlings in the evening to trap and kill, or apply phoxim granule 8 12 powder to the soil with sowing.

Potatoes, also known as potatoes and sweet beans, are native to Peru and Chile in the Andes of South America. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, a Spaniard brought potatoes from South America to Europe. At that time, people always appreciated the beauty of its flowers and used it as an ornament. Later, a French agronomist, Ann Obamanqi, discovered through long-term observation and personal practice that potatoes can not only be eaten, but also be made into bread. Since then, French farmers have begun to grow potatoes on a large scale. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, when Peter the Great traveled in Europe, he bought a bag of potatoes with a large sum of money and planted them in the palace garden, which gradually developed into folk cultivation.

Diagnosis and treatment of potato late blight brown necrosis, the last disease of potato rot. Late blight can also make potatoes rot a lot during storage. 2. Seeds can be soaked in 200 times of formalin solution. Then pile it up, cover it tightly, bury it for 2 hours, and then spread it out to dry. 4. Strengthen cultivation management. Carefully selecting seed potatoes before sowing and destroying tubers with bacteria can reduce the number of diseased plants in the field center. Cultivation of soil in the later stage of potato growth can reduce the chance of swimming sporangium infecting potato pieces. In the epidemic year of diseases, cutting vines early and collecting potato pieces two weeks later can avoid potato pieces from contacting with diseased plants and reduce the rate of potato pieces carrying bacteria.

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Potatoes can be stored until the following autumn after harvest. Generally speaking, they should be covered with straw and stored in dark, cold and dry conditions. They should be prevented from freezing in winter and from sprouting in spring.

Long-term storage can put potatoes and apples together, because mature apples will release a plant hormone-ethylene, which can promote the ripening of plant fruits and the shedding of organs. When potato and apple are put together, the ethylene produced by apple will inhibit the cells in the eye of potato bud from producing auxin, and the auxin will not germinate naturally if it is not accumulated to a sufficient concentration. Mature bananas should also have this effect.