Sharing basic computer CPU knowledge

CPU frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU. Simply put, it is the abbreviation of the working frequency of the CPU during operation (the number of synchronization pulses that occur in 1 second). The unit is Hz. It determines the running speed of the computer. With the development of computers, the main frequency has developed from the past MHZ to the current GHZ (1G=1024M). Generally speaking, in the same series of microprocessors, the higher the main frequency, the faster the computer. However, for different types of processors, it can only be used as a parameter for reference.

In addition, the computing speed of the CPU also depends on the performance indicators of various aspects of the CPU's pipeline. Since the main frequency does not directly represent the computing speed, under certain circumstances, a CPU with a higher main frequency may have a lower actual computing speed. Therefore, the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU.

When it comes to the main frequency of the processor, we must mention two closely related concepts: multiplier and FSB. The FSB is the base frequency of the CPU, and the unit is also MHz. The FSB is the speed at which the CPU and the motherboard run synchronously, and in most current computer systems, the FSB is also the speed at which the memory and the motherboard run synchronously. In this way, it can be understood that the FSB of the CPU is directly connected to the motherboard. The memory is connected to realize the synchronous running state between the two;

The frequency multiplier is the multiple of the ratio of the main frequency and the external frequency. The relationship between main frequency, external frequency and multiplier is: main frequency = external frequency × multiplier. Early CPUs did not have the concept of "frequency multiplication". At that time, the main frequency and the speed of the system bus were the same. With the development of technology, the speed of CPU is getting faster and faster, and accessories such as memory and hard disk are gradually unable to keep up with the speed of CPU. The emergence of frequency multiplier solves this problem. It allows components such as memory to still work at a relatively low speed. Under the system bus frequency, the main frequency of the CPU can be infinitely increased by frequency multiplication (theoretically).

We can think of the FSB as a production line in the machine, and the frequency multiplier is the number of production lines. The production speed of a machine (main frequency) is naturally the speed of the production line (FSB ) times the number of production lines (frequency multiplication). Nowadays, manufacturers have basically locked the multiplier. To overclock, you can only start with the FSB. By matching the multiplier and the FSB, you can set the jumpers on the motherboard or set soft overclocking in the BIOS to achieve the overall performance of the computer. promote. So when buying, try to pay attention to the FSB of the CPU.

The actual working frequency of the CPU is the product of the FSB and the multiplier. The FSB is like the width of the road, and the multiplier is like the number of vehicles allowed to pass per unit time on this road. At present, the FSB of mainstream CPUs is usually 66, 100 or 133. For example, the Pentium III 667 is 133 FSB multiplied by 5 times. Generally speaking, the performance of CPUs with high FSB is better, which is why the PIII667 using 133 FSB is comparable to the PIII700 using 100 FSB. Therefore, when choosing a CPU, in addition to looking at the total frequency, you must also pay attention to the composition of the frequency.

How many kilobytes is 1M? Basic computer knowledge

Everyone should know that whether it is network files, broadband bandwidth or mobile Internet traffic, the unit is M (megabytes). Many friends For mobile phones, 5 yuan is generally used to pack 30MB of traffic, which is enough for surfing QQ and browsing some mobile web pages. Therefore, many novice friends often ask me how many Kb is 1M or how big is 1M?

1M equals how many Kb?

If you often use a computer to surf the Internet, you may be familiar with this concept, because we often download songs and some software online. Generally speaking, the size of an MP3 music file is about 4M; The size of a movie ranges from about 200M to 600M, and its size depends on the length and resolution of the movie; there are also broadband issues that are often mentioned, such as a 4M telecommunications broadband, etc., which all involve M, so 1M is equal to How many Kb? The answer is as follows:

The so-called KB MB GB TB refers to the unit of memory size

They all have B, so let’s talk about B first. B is a computer storage The basic unit (byte) is, 1 English character is 1 byte, which is 1B, and 1 Chinese character is 2 characters, which is 2B.

Then let’s talk about K. If you have studied mathematics, K means thousands, and KB means 1000 bytes. However, computer operations are different from mathematics. 1024 bytes equals 1KB, so 1024B= 1KB

Let’s talk about M. M means megabyte, and the calculation is similar. One digit is raised by 1024, that is, 1024KB=1MB

Then G, and so on, 1024 MB = 1 GB

In summary, 1024 B = 1 KB; 1024 KB = 1 MB; 1024 MB = 1 GB

Usually the M unit in Chinese reads "mega" sign bit MB The abbreviation is M, and its conversion unit is:

1MB=1024KB We call it 1M=1024K for short

The unit larger than M is G, and the unit smaller than M is K, between The multiple is 1024. The specific conversion relationship is as follows:

1G=1024M

1M=1024K

1K=1024B (byte)

Units larger than GB include TB, PB, EB, ZB, YB, etc. Since the capacity above TB is quite large, it is generally rarely encountered in computers.

Tips: How many Kb is equal to 1M? I believe you can casually say it is 1024KB. It is actually very simple. It is just a concept and can be applied flexibly!

What is the main frequency of a computer’s CPU? Is the higher the CPU frequency, the better? (1)

When we discuss computer hardware, we often mention the term "computer CPU frequency", but what is the computer CPU frequency? I believe that many novice friends who are new to computers still don’t understand it very well. Let’s find out together!

In electronic technology, a pulse signal is a pulse signal that is continuously sent out at a certain voltage amplitude and at a certain time interval. The time interval between pulse signals is called the period; and the number of pulses generated in a unit time (such as 1 second) is called the frequency.

The so-called frequency is a measurement name that describes the number of pulses that appear in a periodic cyclic signal (including pulse signal) per unit time; the standard measurement unit of frequency is Hz (hertz). The system clock in a computer is a typical pulse signal generator with a fairly accurate and stable frequency.

Frequency is represented by “f” in mathematical expressions, and its corresponding units are: Hz (hertz), kHz (kilohertz), MHz (megahertz), and GHz (gigahertz). Among them, 1GHz=1000MHz, 1MHz=1000kHz, 1kHz=1000Hz. The time unit for calculating the pulse signal period and the corresponding conversion relationship are: s (second), ms (millisecond), μs (microsecond), ns (nanosecond), where: 1s=1000ms, 1 ms=1000μs, 1μs=1000ns .

The main frequency of a computer CPU indicates the speed at which digital pulse signals oscillate in the CPU, and has no direct relationship with the actual computing power of the CPU. There is a certain relationship between the main frequency and the actual computing speed, but there is currently no definite formula that can quantify the numerical relationship between the two, because the computing speed of the CPU also depends on the performance indicators of various aspects of the CPU's pipeline (cache, instruction set , number of CPU bits, etc.).

Since the computer CPU frequency does not directly represent the computing speed, under certain circumstances, it is likely that the actual computing speed of a CPU with a higher frequency will be lower. For example, most of AMD's AthlonXP series CPUs can reach the higher frequency CPU performance of Intel's Pentium 4 series CPUs at lower clock speeds, so the AthlonXP series CPUs are named after PR values. Therefore, the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance, and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU. This should be paid attention to when installing our computer.

The main frequency of a computer’s CPU does not represent the speed of the CPU, but increasing the main frequency is crucial to increasing the CPU’s computing speed.

Assuming that a CPU executes an operation instruction in one clock cycle, when the CPU runs at a main frequency of 100MHz, it will be twice as fast as when it runs at a main frequency of 50MHz. Because the 100MHz clock cycle takes up half the time compared to the 50MHz clock cycle, that is, the time required for a CPU working at a 100MHz main frequency to execute an operation instruction is only 10 ns, which is half shorter than the 20 ns when working at a 50 MHz main frequency. Natural computing The speed is twice as fast. However, the overall running speed of the computer not only depends on the CPU computing speed, but also is related to the operation of other sub-systems. Only by increasing the main frequency, the running speed of each sub-system and the data transmission speed between sub-systems can be improved. After it is improved, the overall running speed of the computer can really be improved.

Since the CPU is manufactured on a semiconductor silicon wafer, wires are required to connect the components on the silicon wafer. Under high frequency conditions, the wires are required to be as thin and short as possible, so as to reduce the Wire distributed capacitance and other stray interference to ensure correct CPU operation. Therefore, the limitation of manufacturing process is one of the biggest obstacles to the development of CPU frequency. Therefore, increasing the CPU working frequency is mainly limited by the production process.

What is the main frequency of computer CPU? That is, the clock frequency at which the CPU core works (CPU Clock Speed). What is usually said is the MHz of a certain CPU, and this MHz is the "main frequency of the CPU". Many people think that the main frequency of a CPU is its running speed, but this is not the case.

Is the higher the CPU frequency, the better? This is not necessarily true, because the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU. There are also external frequency, front-side bus (FSB) frequency, memory, etc. If they are not matched well, it is like a highway. When it is wide, sometimes it is narrow. When it is wide, everyone can drive smoothly, but when it is narrow, it will be smooth. There will be traffic jams, and all the data will be blocked there, which is what people call the bottleneck. Even large bottles have to be poured out bit by bit through the narrow mouth of the bottle, so the hardware must be properly matched. &n

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For example, most of AMD's AthlonXP series CPUs can achieve the CPU performance of Intel's Pentium 4 series CPUs with higher clock speeds at lower clock speeds. That's why the AthlonXP series CPUs are named after PR values. Therefore, the main frequency is only one aspect of CPU performance, and does not represent the overall performance of the CPU. The main frequency of the CPU does not represent the speed of the CPU, but increasing the main frequency will improve the CPU operation.

What is the power circuit?

The power circuit is an important part of the motherboard. Its function is to convert the current delivered by the host power supply into the voltage and convert the voltage to the voltage required by the CPU. The acceptable core voltage value enables the CPU to work normally, and shapes and filters the current delivered by the host power supply to filter out various clutter and interference signals to ensure the stable operation of the computer. The main part of the power circuit is generally located near the motherboard CPU socket.

Linear power supply method

This is the motherboard power supply method many years ago. It is achieved by changing the conduction degree of the transistor. The transistor is equivalent to a variable resistor. Connected to the power supply circuit. Since the same current flows through the variable resistor and the load, a large amount of energy is consumed and the temperature rises, resulting in low voltage conversion efficiency. Especially in power supply circuits that require large currents, linear power supplies cannot be used. At present, this power supply method has long been eliminated.

Switching power supply mode

This is the currently widely used power supply mode. The PWM controller IC chip provides pulse width modulation and sends out pulse signals, causing the field effect transistors MOSFET1 and MOSFET2 to take turns. conduction. The chokes L0 and L1 are used as energy storage inductors and form an LC filter circuit with the connected capacitors.

Its working principle is as follows: when the voltage VCORE across the load (such as the voltage required by the CPU) is to be reduced, through the switching action of the MOSFET field effect transistor, the external power supply charges the inductor and reaches the required voltage. rated voltage. When the voltage at both ends of the load increases, through the switching action of the MOSFET field effect transistor, the external power supply is disconnected, and the inductor releases the energy just charged. At this time, the inductor becomes a power source and continues to supply power to the load. As the energy stored in the inductor is consumed, the voltage across the load begins to gradually decrease, and the external power supply needs to be charged again through the switching action of the MOSFET field effect transistor. By analogy, in the process of continuous charging and discharging, a stable voltage is formed, so that the voltage at both ends of the load will never increase or decrease. This is the biggest advantage of the switching power supply. In addition, because the MOSFET field effect transistor works in the switching state, the internal resistance when it is turned on and the leakage current when it is turned off are both small, so its power consumption is very small, which avoids the consumption of the resistor part of the linear power supply connected in series in the circuit. A lot of energy issues. This is how the so-called "single-phase power loop" works.

Single-phase power supply can generally provide a maximum current of 25A, but today’s commonly used CPUs have already exceeded this number. The power of the P4 processor can reach 70-80 watts, and the operating current can even reach 50A. Single-phase power supply cannot Provide enough reliable power, so the power supply circuit design of the motherboard now adopts a two-phase or even multi-phase design. It is a schematic diagram of a two-phase power supply. It is easy to understand. It is a parallel connection of two single-phase circuits, so it can provide double the current supply. In theory, it can be more than enough to meet the needs of the current CPU. But the above is just pure theory. In actual situations, many factors need to be added, such as the performance of switching elements and the resistance of conductors, which are all factors that affect Vcore. In practical applications, there is an efficiency problem in the power supply part. The electric energy will not be converted 100%. Generally, the consumed electric energy is converted into heat and dissipated. Therefore, any common regulated power supply is always the hotter part of the electrical components. It should be noted that the higher the temperature, the lower the efficiency.

In this way, if the conversion efficiency of the circuit is not very high, the circuit using two-phase power supply may not be able to meet the needs of the CPU, so three-phase or even more phase power supply circuits have appeared. However, this also complicates the motherboard wiring. If the wiring design is not very reasonable at this time, it will affect a series of problems such as the stability of high-frequency operation. Many mainstream motherboard products currently on the market use three-phase power supply circuits. Although they can supply sufficient power to the CPU, the stability of the motherboard in extreme situations is limited to a certain extent due to insufficient circuit design. If you want to solve This problem will inevitably require greater efforts in circuit design and wiring, and the cost will also rise.

The reason why the power supply circuit adopts multi-phase power supply is to provide a more stable current. The pulse square wave signal sent from the control chip PWM is shaped into a DC-like current through the LC oscillation circuit. The high potential time of the wave is very short. The more phases there are, the closer the shaped quasi-DC current is to DC.

The power circuit plays a very important role in the performance of the computer and the stability of the work. It is an important performance parameter of the motherboard. When purchasing, you should choose products from mainstream manufacturers that are well-designed and use sufficient materials.

What does notebook mean?

What does notebook mean? A notebook is a notebook?

The English name is NoteBook, commonly known as notebook computer. Portable, laptop, notebook computer, referred to as NB, also known as laptop computer or laptop computer (called notebook computer in Hong Kong and Taiwan), is a small, portable personal computer, usually weighing 1-3 kilograms. Its development trend is to become smaller and smaller in size, lighter in weight, and more powerful in function. Netbooks, also known as netbooks, are mainly different from PCs in that they are portable and easy to carry.

Main brands and manufacturers

Asus laptops

HP laptops

DELL laptops

TOSHIBA notebook

SONY notebook

Acer notebook

HASEE notebook

BenQ notebook

Samsung notebook

Lenovo notebook

Apple notebook

What does cdkey mean? How to get CDKEY?

CDKEY refers to the serial code required for software registration. Most commercial software requires a serial code (or CDKEY code) to be installed, and these serial codes are generally marked on the product packaging or manual. The installation serial number (SN, serial number) and CDKEY code form a specific product registration code after the software is installed. Users can also use this set of registration codes to register with the software manufacturer to obtain various technical support services in the future.

CDKEY simply refers to the serial code required for software registration.

CD-disc, KEY-key. It is the key of the disc. The technical term is called registration code. It is actually a password. However, this password is different from ordinary passwords in that it can only be entered by reading the disc and cannot Inputting from the keyboard will not work even if others know it. Generally, online banking requires it to ensure the security of customer information.

Simply put, CD key is the software registration code

The password or serial number for installing the software on the CD.

For example, when installing the system on the system installation CD, there is a row of long boxes asking you to enter numbers.

Based on the name, you should have a general idea. A CD is a disc. KEY means key. According to the superficial translation: it is the key to open the disc. The popular answer is registration code or serial number!

The professional term is registration code, which is the registration code and key of the software.