1, soil management

1. 1 Deep tillage

Deep ploughing can enhance the permeability and water-holding capacity of soil, facilitate the activities of microorganisms and promote the transformation of soil organic nutrients. Deep ploughing of soil should be carried out in autumn and winter, and the appropriate depth is 50 ~ 60 cm, with slightly shallow sand and slightly deep clay. Generally, the application of organic residual fertilizer and green manure combined with deep tillage is helpful to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil.

1.2 intertillage weeding

Intertillage is generally carried out after heavy rain or when the soil is hardened. Loosening soil can increase soil permeability and reduce water evaporation, which is beneficial to root growth.

Weeding should be carried out in June-August during the growth period of peach trees. Weeding can reduce the competition between weeds and peach trees for nutrients and water. There are two ways to weed: manual weeding and chemical weeding. Chemical weeding usually uses 800 times solution of 10% glyphosate and sprays150kg per mu, which can eliminate many annual weeds. If 100 times solution is used, many kinds of perennial weeds can be controlled. Be careful not to splash on the tree when spraying.

Intercropping 1.3

Young peach orchards can be intercropped with other crops to increase the early income. Short crops, such as beans, peanuts, strawberries, watermelons, vegetables, etc., which have short growth period and weak absorption fertility and can improve soil fertility, should be selected in peach orchard intercropping to avoid planting tall plants.

Step 2 apply fertilizer

Rational fertilization is one of the important measures to obtain high yield, stable yield and high quality peach trees. Rational fertilization of peach trees needs to understand the nutritional and physiological characteristics of peach trees: ① Peach trees have well-developed horizontal roots, mostly concentrated in the range of 20 ~ 40 cm, and have strong fertilizer absorption ability, which makes the surface soil nutrient consumption high. Insufficient fertilization will easily affect tree vigor and yield. ② Young peach trees grow vigorously and are sensitive to nitrogen. Too much nitrogen can easily lead to excessive growth, difficult to form flower buds, delay fruit bearing, and cause serious physiological fruit drop. However, after the full fruit period, the tree vigor is easy to weaken, so it is necessary to apply more nitrogen fertilizer to enhance the tree vigor and increase the yield. (3) Potassium has an important effect on the development of peach fruit. Peach needs a lot of potassium. When potassium is sufficient, the fruit will be large and of good quality. When potassium is deficient, the leaves shrink and curl, the ridge surface is reddish or purplish red, the leaves crack, the leaves fall early and the physiological fruit drop is serious. ④ Peach likes slightly acidic soil, especially when the pH value is 5 ~ 6.5, it grows well. Rational fertilization should be carried out according to its nutritional physiology.

2. 1 base fertilizer

Base fertilizer can be applied to peach trees from defoliation to dormancy, and the effect is best in autumn. The base fertilizer is mainly slow-acting fertilizer, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other quick-acting fertilizers. The fertilization position is below the crown edge. It should not only be applied in the area where the root system is concentrated to facilitate absorption and utilization, but also be applied in deep soil to make the root system extend downward. The general fertilization depth is 30 ~ 50 cm. Fertilization methods include annular furrow fertilization, radial furrow fertilization and zonal fertilization. Early-maturing varieties account for 70% ~ 80% of the whole year, and late-maturing varieties account for 60% ~ 70% of the whole year.

2.2 Strong fruit fertilizer

Time is before the young fruit stops shedding and hardening. The purpose of this fertilization is to promote fruit expansion and branch enrichment. Potassium fertilizer is mainly applied to early-maturing varieties, accounting for 30% of the whole year, and phosphorus fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer can be omitted. Potassium fertilizer accounts for 40%, nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 20% and phosphorus fertilizer accounts for 25% in the middle and late maturity varieties, and nitrogen fertilizer is not needed for the strong trees.

2.3 Fruit picking fertilizer

Early-maturing and middle-maturing varieties can be applied immediately after fruit harvesting, and late-maturing varieties can be applied 10 ~ 20 days before fruit harvesting, mainly by applying available nitrogen fertilizer, in order to restore tree vigor in time and increase nutrient accumulation in trees. Fertilization rate accounts for 15% ~ 20% of the whole year.

2.4 topdressing

Topdressing outside the roots, also known as foliar spraying, has quick effect, can meet the urgent needs of peach trees for nutrients, and correct some element deficiencies. From germination to harvest, 0.4% ~ 0.5% urea can be sprayed for many times, from physiological fruit drop to pest control before maturity, 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed, or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium can be sprayed together. Spraying 1 ~ 2 times of 0.2% boric acid or borax at the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage can improve the fruit setting rate.

2.5 Fertilization amount

Fertilization amount should be determined according to many factors such as tree age, tree potential, yield and soil nutrient status. According to the data of China, the annual fertilization amount of adult peach trees is: nitrogen 0.75 ~ 1.25 kg (equivalent to urea 1.63 ~ 2.72 kg), phosphorus 0.35 ~ 0.5 kg (equivalent to calcium superphosphate 2.33 ~ 3.33 kg) and potassium 0.5 ~ 0.75 kg (equivalent to potassium sulfate 60.75 kg) Young trees are 10% ~ 50% of adult trees.

Step 3: Irrigation

During the growth period of peach trees, the water demand is large in the new shoot growth period, young fruit period and fruit expansion period. Spring drought often occurs in Sichuan basin, which is in the fruit growth period of early and middle maturity varieties, so it is necessary to pay attention to irrigation for 2 ~ 3 times. The combination of irrigation and pig manure water has better effect.

Second, shaping and pruning

(1) plastic surgery

Peach trees like light and have good dryness, so they should like light. According to different planting densities, Nature and the two main branches are generally happy.

1. Natural happy shape

Peach orchard, a natural pistachio suitable for square and rectangular planting, is the most commonly used plastic surgery method at present. The method is as follows: after the peach seedlings are planted, the height is set at 40-60 cm, 3-4 healthy new shoots are left under the cutting mouth of 15-20 cm as the main branches for growth and cultivation, and the rest new shoots are smoothed. Pull branches before lignification from May to July, with an opening angle of 45. During plastic surgery in winter, the extension branches of the main branches are cut off 1/3 or 1/2 according to the growth situation, and the outer buds are left. Select the stronger branch as the secondary branch at 80 ~ 100 cm from the base of the main branch, and then cultivate the secondary branch according to the situation in the third year. The distance between the second branch and the first branch is about 50 cm, and the direction is opposite. There are 3 main branches and 3 ~ 6 auxiliary main branches after formation.

2. The two main branches are naturally happy.

Also known as the "Y" shape, it is suitable for densely planted peach orchards or mountain peach orchards planted in wide rows (5-6 meters), especially for rainy and light-deficient areas in the south. This shape is characterized by easy modeling, consistent growth among main branches, open crown and good ventilation and light transmission. The two main branches of the whole tree make an angle of 45 degrees with the center line. Each main branch is equipped with 1 ~ 2 side branches. The first lateral branch is the back branch, which is 80 ~ 100 cm away from the main branch and keeps an angle of 70 ~ 80 degrees. The second side branch is 60 cm away from the first side branch, opposite to the first side branch, and keeps 60 degrees with the main branch. There are two ways of shaping, one is to manually pull out the central trunk of seedlings at 45 degrees. Cultivate it into the first main branch, and choose the stout summer branch with suitable direction as the second main branch in summer. Another method is that after the seedlings are fixed, in the range of 15 ~ 30 cm below the cutting mouth, two new shoots with scattered rows, balanced growth and left-right extension are selected as the main branches for cultivation, and the angle between the two main branches is adjusted.

(2) Pruning

Pruning period is divided into dormancy pruning and growth pruning.

1. Hibernation pruning

Before germination after defoliation, there are mainly two ways: short pruning and thinning.

(1) Short cutting and pruning: cut the long branches short to promote the bud germination under the incision. Cutting fruit-bearing branches short can improve fruit-setting rate. New shoots are cut again near the main branches to promote the occurrence of new shoots. In order to promote the occurrence of new shoots, regenerated shoots are often used for culture.

(2) Thinning and pruning: Cut off dense branches and weak branches from the base to make the remaining branches evenly distributed. The long branches of young flourishing trees are thinned out, so that they can bear fruit, and at the same time, external fruit branches are produced, which eases the tree vigor.

2. Growth pruning is also called summer pruning.

The main pruning cycles and methods are:

(1) Re-cutting and bud wiping: from germination to early growth of new shoots, it is mainly to wipe off the competitive buds or new shoots under the cut, as well as the clustered branches, weak branches and pests and diseases in the cavity.

(2) Twisting: During the rapid growth period of new shoots, the upright branches, flourishing branches growing in other parts and competing branches near the main branches are picked or twisted. When the new shoot 10 ~ 30 cm, the rubber is tapped. After tapping, weak branches can be produced in the same year to form fruiting branches, and long branches with vigorous growth can be twisted by 90 ~ 120 degrees, so that branches can fully grow and promote flower bud differentiation.

(3) Softwood cutting and branch pulling: It will be carried out in May, when most branches have stopped growing. The upper branches of 1 ~ 2 secondary branches from the base of long branches are cut off, and the strong branches on the extended branches of main branches are cut off to control the growth potential of the upper branches. Loosen the branches that are too dense to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. Branching is carried out in June and July, which is used for opening angle of young trees and alleviating the growth potential of long branches.

(3) the pruning of different tree ages

1. Pruning of small trees

The main task is to reshape, expand the crown as soon as possible, ease the tree potential, and quickly form various fruiting branches. Promote early fruiting and high yield. When pruning, we should master the principle of "according to the tree shape, first messing up the pipe, light cutting and long putting, and expanding the crown". Give priority to long spreading and light pruning, adjust the angle of backbone branches, trim evenly, and leave more auxiliary branches and fruiting branches appropriately. For the big branches that do not affect the growth of the backbone branches, after thinning and strengthening the branches, they should be lightly cut and put long for temporary fruiting.

2. Pruning of adult trees

Master the principle of "fewer branches, clear affiliation, long release and short cut, longer life and more results". Pruning should be aggravated year by year with the increase of fruit yield, and the main branches should be retracted and updated in time to avoid the lower branches from dying. Results Shrinkage was the main branch group, and the method of combining shrinkage and refinement was adopted. Generally, keep the long fruit branches 10 ~ 20 cm, and cut the fruit branches about 10 cm. Because of the strength of the tree, the branches are selected and retained, and there are fewer leafy trees, fewer leaves outside the crown and more leaves below.

3. Pruning of old trees

After the peach tree enters the aging period, the lower part is empty, a large number of short and medium fruit branches are dry, the yield is reduced and the quality is poor. The task of pruning is to re-shrink and update the backbone branches. Pruning is generally carried out in the 3-6-year-old part of the backbone branches, and those with branches and tendrils in the bore can be shrunk to the branches or tendrils. Use peripheral branches to gradually grow into backbone branches and re-expand the crown. Don't cut off the branches in the crown easily, try to fill the vacant part.

Peach tree regeneration is better if it is combined with root soil improvement and fertilizer and water management.

Third, flower and fruit management.

1. Sparse flowers and fruits

Most peach varieties have high fruit setting rate. Too many fruits will lead to the decline of tree vigor, old and weak, small fruits and poor quality, which will inhibit the growth of vegetative branches and form annual fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain tree vigor, improve fruit quality and yield, and maintain reasonable fruit yield by thinning flowers and fruits, so as to achieve the goal of high quality and high yield.

Flower thinning includes bud thinning, which mainly removes over-dense, weak buds, early flowers, late flowers, deformed flowers, sky flowers and leafless flowers.

The fruit thinning time is from the end of April to the beginning of May. Varieties, mature trees and weak trees with high fruit setting rate should be thinned early, and varieties and young trees with serious physiological fruit drop should be thinned late. Fruit thinning is generally carried out in two times, the first time the fruit is twice as much as planned, and the second time the fruit thinning is combined with bagging. The fruit retention of peach trees should depend on crown size, tree potential, fruit size and number of leaves. According to the leaf-fruit ratio, the early, middle and late-maturing varieties are 20∶ 1, 25∶ 1 and 30∶ 1 respectively. Fruits are determined according to fruiting branches. Generally, there are 3 super-long fruit branches, 2 long fruit branches, 1 middle fruit branch and 1 short fruit branch.

bale

The purpose is to reduce the harm of pests and diseases to fruits, prevent pesticide pollution, improve the surface color of fruits and increase the rate of high-quality fruits. Bagging time should be completed after the second physiological fruit drop and before the laying of eggs by pests such as peach moth and peach moth. Chengdu is usually from the end of April to the beginning of May. Fruit bags can be made by yourself, but in order to produce pollution-free high-quality fruits, it is best to use commercially available fruit bags.

Four, the main pest control

(1) major diseases

1. Peach leaf atrophy

Peach leaf shrinkage mainly harms leaves, but also shoots and young fruits.

Symptoms: Young leaves die in spring, some or all diseased leaves shrink and twist, the diseased leaves are fat and fragile, and finally dry up and fall off. Young fruit is damaged, brown, deformed and cracked, which is easy to fall off early.

Control methods: ① Spray Bomei 4 ~ 5 degree sulfur mixture when the peach buds begin to swell to the red-exposed stage. ② Spraying 600 ~ 800 times of 50% bactericide during germination.

2. Peach brown disease

Peach brown disease is also called Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. It is mainly harmful to fruits, but also to fruit stalks, new shoots and leaves. Fruits are prone to diseases during development, and the closer they get to maturity, the more diseases they get. At the time of onset, the lesion was brown and round. In case of rain, the diseased fruit will rot and fall off. In case of drought, water evaporates, shrinks into stiff fruit and hangs on trees for a long time. The perianth withers after being damaged by brown water spots, and the branches become diseased spots, often flowing glue.

Prevention and control methods: ① Clear the garden. Combined with winter pruning, hard fruit, diseased branches and other disease sources can be completely removed. Cut off dead branches and diseased fruits during the growing period to prevent reinfection. ② Chemical control. Before flowering, spray 30 times Baume's sulfur mixture +0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol or 45% crystal sulfur mixture to eradicate the overwintering source on branches. Spray 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times or 80% anthrax thiram wettable powder 800 times every half month. Spray once every 10 ~ 15 days. * * * 2 ~ 3 times. ③ timely bagging.

3. Peach gum disease

Peach gummosis mainly harms trunk and branches. In the initial stage of injury, the affected part will swell. When sap begins to flow out in early spring, translucent yellow gum flows out from the affected area, especially after rain. When the flowing gum comes into contact with air, it becomes reddish brown and gelatinous, and after drying, it becomes a dark brown hard rubber block. Too much gum flow will lead to tree weakness, yellowing of leaves and even death.

Prevention and control measures: ① Strengthen orchard management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, enhance tree potential, and pay attention to drainage in low-lying areas. (2) Control branch pests in time and try not to cause wounds in operation. (3) Before germination in early spring, scrape off the diseased tissue at the glue-flowing part and smear the wound with 30 times of 45% crystalline sulfur mixture or 1000 times of antibiotic "402". From the end of April to the end of June, spray 50% carbendazim 800 times every half month, * * * 4 ~ 5 times.

4. Anthracnose of peach

Anthracnose mainly harms fruits and also infects new shoots and leaves. Young fruit is susceptible to disease, and the fruit surface is light brown and waterlogged at first. As the fruit expands, the diseased spots also expand, turning into reddish-brown round or oval concave spots, with obvious concentric annular wrinkles and orange-red mucus, and the diseased fruit is soft and rotten.

Prevention and control methods: ① Combined with winter pruning, thoroughly remove the residual branches, fallen leaves, hard fruits and fallen fruits in the orchard. ② Chemical control. Spraying 30 times of 45% crystal sulfur mixture and adding 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol before germination of early spring peach buds. After flowering, spray 80 times 80% thiram wettable powder of anthrax, 800 times 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder and 800 times 70% thiophanate methyl every 10 day for 2-3 times in a row.

(2) Main pests

1. moth

Peach borer is commonly known as heart borer. /kloc-0 has 4 ~ 5 generations per year, and the mature larvae overwinter on crop residues such as bark cracks. 1 ~ 2 generations mainly invade peach fruits, adults mostly move at night, and eggs are mostly laid at the junction of two fruits or leaves. After 6-8 days' incubation, the larvae eat the fruit from the shoulder or the joint of two fruits, and eat the tender nuts and pulp. The accumulation of feces inside and outside the damaged fruit often makes the fruit rot and fall off early. 1 There are often several larvae in the fruit, and some larvae can transmit infection through the fruit.

Control methods: ① Fruit bagging is carried out from the end of April to the beginning of May before adults lay eggs. Spray insecticide once before bagging. ② Spraying 1 ~ 2 times 800 times 50% acetaminophen EC or 3,000 times 2.5% diflubenzuron EC during the spawning period in early May.

2. Peach moth

The peach moth does harm to peaches, apples, pears, plums, apricots and other fruits. It has 2 ~ 3 generations a year, and overwinters in the soil with mature larvae. In late April, overwintering larvae were unearthed and pupated, and adults emerged and laid eggs about half a month later. Adults lay eggs in fruit depressions. After hatching, the larvae feed vertically and horizontally in the fruit and excrete feces in the wormhole. The pulp of damaged fruit forms a cavity, commonly known as "sand-washed peach".

Control methods: ① During the peak period of overwintering larvae, cover the tree crown with plastic film to prevent the adults from being unearthed, or use 0.5 kg of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate and 50 kg of mixed fine soil, and scatter it in the tree tray and rake it into the soil for 65438±0cm. (2) Spraying drugs on trees. During the spawning period of adults, when the egg and fruit rate reaches 1% ~ 2%, 10% Uranus EC 6000 times or 30% Taoxiaoling EC 2000 times and 20% sweeping power EC 3000 times. ③ Fruit bagging.

3. White scale of peach mulberry

White scale of peach mulberry, also known as mulberry shield scale. Damage the branches of peach, plum, apricot, apple, pear and other tree species. It occurs 2 ~ 3 generations a year, and the fertilized female overwinters on the branches. After the peach germinates, it begins to suck, and the worm expands rapidly. Spawning began in mid-April, peaked in early May, and began to hatch in early May. In the early stage, nymphs were scattered on the branches of 2-5 years old for fixed feeding, with many branches and shady sides. 1 week or so, it began to secrete cotton-wool wax filaments and gradually formed a shell.

Prevention and control methods: ① Brush off the overwintering female insects on the branches with a hard brush or a steel wire brush during dormancy, cut off the severely damaged branches, and spray 5% acaricide or Pomei 5 degree stone sulfur mixture. ② Chemical control: During the nymph diffusion and transfer period, spray 800 times of 40% chlorpromazine EC or 4000 times of 20% chlorpromazine EC.

4. Peach leaf miner

Peach leaf miner has 7-8 generations a year, and overwinters in cocoons on damaged leaves as pupae. In April of the following year, adults emerged and laid eggs, and the eggs were scattered on the epidermis of leaves. The larva ate the mesophyll and walked forward. The wormway turned black and died, and it fell into the hole. When the larvae are mature, they drill out mesophyll, which is better than spinning cocoons or spinning white silk on the back of the leaves and transferring around with the help of white silk. In severe cases, there are many larvae on a leaf, which often causes early defoliation.

Control methods: ① Remove deciduous weeds before overwintering adults emerge and treat them centrally. ② Chemical control. Use 20% mirex 4000 times solution or mirex 3 1000 times solution to control adults in full bloom.