Rutaceae evergreen shrubs or small trees, native to Taiwan Province Province and tropical Asia, are resistant to heat and cold.
Sowing propagation
Select seeds
Choose seeds before sowing, which is directly related to the success or failure of sowing.
1, it is best to choose the seeds harvested that year. The longer the seeds are kept, the lower the germination rate.
2. Choose seeds with full grains and no deformity or deformity.
3. Choose seeds without pests and diseases.
disinfect
Disinfection includes two concepts, one is the disinfection of seeds, and the other is the disinfection of sowing substrates.
Families usually soak seeds in hot water at about 60℃ for a quarter of an hour, and then use warm water to accelerate germination 12 ~ 24 hours.
The best disinfection method of the substrate for sowing is to fry it in a pot, so that any pests and diseases can be scalded to death.
Accelerate seed germination
Soak the seeds 12 ~ 24 hours in warm water (the temperature is similar to that of face washing water) until the seeds absorb water and swell. For common seeds that germinate easily, this work can be omitted.
sow seeds
For tiny seeds that are difficult to pick up by hand or other tools, one end of a toothpick can be wetted with water, and the seeds can be adhered to the surface of the substrate one by one, covering the substrate with a thickness of 1cm, and then the planted flowerpot is put into water, and the depth of the water is 1/2 ~ 2/3 of the height of the flowerpot, so that the water can be absorbed slowly (this method is called "pot soaking method").
For large seeds, you can pick them up by hand or other tools, put them directly into the substrate and sow them at a spacing of 3 × 5 cm. After sowing, the substrate is covered, and the covering thickness is 2-3 times of the seed thickness. After sowing, the sowing substrate can be soaked with sprayer and fine-hole shower, and then watered when the soil in the basin is slightly dry. Still pay attention to the watering intensity and don't wash the seeds away.
Post-sowing management
After sowing in late autumn, early spring or winter, in case of cold wave and low temperature, the flowerpot can be wrapped with plastic film, which is convenient for heat preservation and moisture retention; After the seedlings are unearthed, the film should be uncovered in time, and the seedlings should be exposed to the sun before 9: 30 am or after 3: 30 pm, otherwise the seedlings will grow very weakly; After most of the seeds come out, the seedlings should be properly spaced: pull out the diseased and unhealthy seedlings and let the remaining seedlings have a certain spacing; Most seedlings can be transplanted when they grow to three or more.
Cutting propagation method
Often in late spring and early autumn, young branches are cut with the branches of that year, or old branches are cut with the branches of last year in early spring.
Cutting substrate
Used for cutting nutrient soil or materials such as river sand and mud carbon soil. Due to the limited conditions, it is difficult to find an ideal cutting substrate for home cutting. It is recommended to use the prepared and sterilized cutting media provided by this station. Medium and coarse river sand can also be used, but it should be washed with clear water several times before use. Sea sand and river sand in saline-alkali areas are not suitable for the growth of flowers and plants.
Selection of cutting branches
When cutting tender branches, when plants grow vigorously in late spring and early autumn, the thick branches of that year are selected as cuttings. After cutting off the branches, select the robust parts and cut them into 5 ~ 15 cm long segments, each with more than 3 pieces. When cutting, it should be noted that the upper cut is cut flat at about 1 cm above the last leaf node, and the lower cut is cut obliquely at about 0.5 cm below the lowest leaf node. The upper and lower incisions should be flat (the knife should be sharp).
When cutting hard branches, last year's strong branches were selected as cuttings after the temperature rose in early spring. Usually, 3 ~ 4 knots are reserved for each cutting, and the cutting method is the same as that of twig cutting.
Post-harvest management
temperature
The optimum temperature for cutting rooting is 20℃ ~ 30℃. When it is lower than 20℃, cutting rooting is difficult and slow. When the temperature is higher than 30℃, the upper and lower cuttings are susceptible to bacterial infection and rot. The higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of rot. When low temperature is encountered after cutting, the measures of heat preservation are mainly to wrap the flowerpot or container for cutting with film; When the temperature is too high after cutting, the main measure to reduce the temperature is to shade the cuttings, which should cover 50 ~ 80% of the sun. At the same time, the cuttings are sprayed 3 ~ 5 times a day, with more spraying times in sunny days and less or no spraying times in rainy days.
humidity
After cutting, the relative humidity of air must be kept at 75 ~ 85%. The basic requirements of cutting rooting are: before cutting rooting, it is necessary to ensure that the cuttings are fresh and tender and can produce rooting substances through photosynthesis. However, cuttings without roots cannot absorb enough water to maintain water balance in the body. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the moisture evaporation of cuttings by spraying: spraying cuttings 3-5 times a day under the condition of shading. The higher the temperature in sunny days, the more times they spray, and the lower the temperature in rainy days, the less or no times they spray. However, if the cuttings are sprayed excessively, they are easily infected by germs and rot, because there are many kinds of germs in the water.
illuminate
The propagation of cuttings can not be separated from sunlight, because the cuttings should continue to carry out photosynthesis, produce nutrients and rooting substances, and supply them with rooting needs. However, the stronger the light, the higher the temperature in the cuttings, the more vigorous the transpiration of cuttings and the more water they consume, which is not conducive to the survival of cuttings. Therefore, 50 ~ 80% sunlight must be blocked after cutting, and then the sunshade net should be removed gradually after the root system grows: the sunshade net should be removed at 4: 00 pm every day on sunny days and covered before 9: 00 am the next day.
Stratified propagation
Select robust branches and peel the bark from about 15 ~ 30 cm below the top. The width of the wound after peeling is about 1 cm, and the depth is limited to the epidermis just peeled off. Cut a piece of film with a length of 10 ~ 20cm and a width of 5 ~ 8cm, put some wet garden soil on it, and wrap the ring-tied part like a wound, with the upper and lower ends of the film tied tightly and bulging in the middle. It takes about four to six weeks to root. After taking root, cut off the branches and roots together, and it becomes a new plant.
Potting or transplanting
When seedlings are put into a pot or big plants that have been raised for several years are transferred into a pot, a coarse substrate with a thickness of 2-3 cm is put into the bottom of the pot as a filter layer, and a fully decomposed organic fertilizer with a thickness of about 65,438+0-2 cm is sprinkled on it as a base fertilizer, and then a thin substrate with a thickness of about 65,438+0-2 cm is covered, and then the plants can be put in.
One of the following substrates can be selected for the upper basin: vegetable garden soil: slag = 3:1; Or garden soil: medium coarse river sand: sawdust (shavings) = 4:1:2; Or one of paddy soil, pond sludge and humus soil.
After the potted plants are finished, water them once and maintain them in a cool environment for a week.
When transplanting seedlings, first dig the planting hole, sprinkle a layer of organic fertilizer at the bottom of the planting hole as the base fertilizer (base fertilizer) with a thickness of about 4 ~ 6 cm, then cover it with a layer of soil and put the seedlings in order to separate the fertilizer from the roots and avoid burning the roots.
After the seedlings are put in, backfill the soil, cover the root system, stamp the soil with your feet and water it once.
Humidity management
Like humid climate, it is required that the relative temperature of the air in the growing environment is 70 ~ 80%, the relative humidity of the air is too low, the lower leaves turn yellow and fall off, and the upper leaves are dull.
Temperature management
Because it is native to tropical areas and likes high temperature and high humidity environment, it has strict requirements on the temperature in winter. When the ambient temperature is lower than 10℃, it will stop growing, and it will be unsafe to overwinter when frost appears.
Summer:
1, strengthen air convection and let the temperature in the body radiate;
2. Put it in a semi-shady place, or shade it by 50%;
3, give it a proper spray, 2 ~ 3 times a day.
Winter:
1, move to a bright indoor place for maintenance;
2, outdoors, you can wrap it in a film for wintering, but every two days at noon when the temperature is high, you should uncover it and let it breathe.
Lighting management
I like a semi-cloudy environment. I can give plenty of sunshine in autumn, winter and spring, but I have to shade more than 50% in summer.
When placed indoors for maintenance, try to put it in a bright place, such as living room, bedroom, study and other well-lit places. After curing indoors for a period of time (about one month), it needs to be moved to a cool place outside (with heat preservation conditions in winter) for a period of time (about one month), and so on.
Fertilizer and water management
For potted plants, in addition to adding organic fertilizer into the pot, proper fertilizer and water management should be carried out in the usual maintenance process.
Spring, summer and autumn are the peak seasons of its growth, and the cycle order of fertilizer and water management is "Huabao"-clear water-"Huabao"-clear water, with an interval of about 1 ~ 4 days, which is shorter in sunny days or high temperatures and longer in rainy days or low temperatures.
Winter is dormant in winter, mainly to control fertilizer and water. Fertilizer and water management shall be circulated in the order of "Huabao"-clear water-clear water-"Huabao"-clear water, with an interval of about 3-7 days, shorter in sunny days or high temperatures, and longer in rainy days or low temperatures.
For plants planted underground, according to the drought situation, fertilizer should be applied and watered 2-4 times in spring and summer: firstly, a small ditch is separated at a distance of 30- 100 km from the root neck (the bigger the plant, the farther it is from the root neck), and the width and depth of the ditch are 20 cm. Sprinkle 25 ~ 50kg organic fertilizer or 1 ~ 5 two-particle compound fertilizer (fertilizer) into the ditch and then water it.
After winter and before spring, apply fertilizer again according to the above method, but don't water it.
decrease
When plants enter dormancy or semi-dormancy in winter, thin, diseased, dead and dense branches should be cut off. Branches can also be arranged in combination with cuttings
Change the pot
With proper maintenance, it will grow rapidly. When it grows to a certain size, we should consider changing to a bigger pot to keep it growing vigorously.
One of the following culture soil and composition ratio can be selected for changing pots: vegetable garden soil: slag = 3:1; Or garden soil: medium coarse river sand: sawdust (shavings) = 4:1:2; Or one of paddy soil, pond sludge and humus soil.
Take the pot off. Put the flowers to be changed on the ground. Pat the periphery of the basin with your hands to make the roots vibrate and leave the basin wall. Put the flowerpot upside down on your left hand, gently hold the plant with your forefinger and middle finger, hold your wrist and fingertips against the edge of the flowerpot, pat the bottom of the pot with your right hand, and then push the root soil down from the bottom hole with your mother finger to let the plant take off. After taking it off, gently pat the soil with your palm to let the excess soil fall off.
The flowerpot is prepared to choose a flowerpot with a suitable size, and the bottom hole of the flowerpot is covered with two tiles or thin foam boards to ensure that the soil of the flowerpot is not washed away by water, and the excess water can flow out in time. Spread a layer of ceramsite or broken red brick on the ceramic tile or foam as the filter layer, with a thickness of about 2 ~ 3 cm. Put the fertilizer from the fertilizer applicator on the drainage layer, with a thickness of about 1 ~ 3cm, and put a thin layer of substrate on the fertilizer, with a thickness of about 2cm, to separate the root system from the fertilizer. Finally, put the plants in, fill in the nutrient soil, about 2 cm away from the hukou.