Gynecological diseases include: female reproductive system diseases are gynecological diseases, including vulvar diseases, vaginal diseases, uterine diseases, tubal diseases, ovarian diseases and so on. Gynecological diseases are common and frequently-occurring diseases for women. However, due to many people's lack of proper understanding of gynecological diseases, lack of health care for their bodies, and various bad living habits, their health has gone from bad to worse, leading to some female diseases that cannot be cured for a long time, which has brought great inconvenience to normal life and work.

Overview of gynecological diseases

Gynecological diseases, also known as gynecological diseases, are common diseases in female reproductive system. The main gynecological diseases are vulvar diseases, vaginal diseases, uterine diseases, tubal diseases and ovarian diseases. Gynecological diseases are common and frequently-occurring diseases for women.

Common gynecological diseases

Menstruation | dysmenorrhea | amenorrhea | irregular menstruation | menstrual cycle | less menstrual flow | menstrual period | delayed menstruation | early menstruation | urethritis | cervicitis | mastitis | hydatidiform mole | uterine cancer | cervical cancer | breast cancer | vaginitis | pelvic inflammatory disease | hysteromyoma | ovarian disease | vaginal spasm | tubal disease | adnexitis | cervical erosion | mammary hyperplasia | cervicitis

Classification of common gynecological diseases

1, vagina

2, the uterus

3. Ovary

4. Chest

Common gynecological diseases of vagina

1, vaginitis: vaginitis is vaginal inflammation caused by infection of pathogenic microorganisms (including gonococcus, mold, trichomonas and other microorganisms). Vaginitis can be divided into senile vaginitis, trichomonal vaginitis, fungal vaginitis, gonorrhea vaginitis, amebic vaginitis, Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis, infantile vaginitis, pneumovaginitis and nonspecific vaginitis.

2. Vaginal tumor: Vaginal malignant tumor is often secondary, which can spread directly from cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and choriocarcinoma. In addition, bladder, urethra or rectal cancer can often metastasize to vagina. Primary malignant tumor of vagina is very rare, accounting for about 1% of malignant tumor of female reproductive organs. Mainly squamous cell carcinoma and choriocarcinoma, others such as adenocarcinoma, sarcoma and malignant melanoma are even less common. Many obstetricians and gynecologists have only seen a few patients in medical practice, and secondary vaginal cancer is more common. The possibility of secondary vaginal cancer should be considered and ruled out before the diagnosis of primary tumor.

Common gynecological diseases of uterus

1. Uterine leiomyoma: Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign tumor of female reproductive system, which mostly occurs at the age of 35-50. According to statistics, about 20% of women over the age of 35 suffer from uterine fibroids, but most of them are small and asymptomatic, and the incidence of clinically reported fibroids is far lower than the actual situation. The symptoms of hysteromyoma include irregular menstruation, abdominal mass, and compression symptoms. Uterine fibroids are often associated with ovule tube ovarian lesions, and are also easy to coexist with uterine adenocarcinoma and cervical cancer. Drinking boiled water in winter and eating a certain amount of fruit every day can prevent uterine fibroids.

2, cervical erosion: the normal cervical surface is covered by a layer of squamous epithelium, and the surface is smooth and pink. Chronic inflammation of deep cervical tissue caused by infection makes the superficial epithelium fall off due to malnutrition, and the exfoliated surface of epithelium is gradually covered by columnar epithelium of cervical canal. The columnar epithelium is very thin and can be seen through the blood vessels and red stroma below, so the surface is red, which is cervical erosion. Cervical erosion is a common lesion of chronic cervicitis. Due to the different degree of inflammatory stimulation, the columnar epithelium of cervical mucosa grows slowly, flat and smooth, which is simple erosion. The columnar epithelium grows fast, and the formation of glandular hyperplasia is glandular erosion. If the gland expands, it can be follicular erosion, accompanied by interstitial hyperplasia, forming small protrusions and uneven columnar epithelium, forming papillary erosion. The above types can often be mixed. Cervical erosion is the most common gynecological disease.

Common gynecological diseases of breast

1. Mammary hyperplasia

Mammary hyperplasia refers to hyperplasia of mammary epithelium and fibrous tissue, structural degeneration of mammary ducts and lobules, and progressive growth of connective tissue, which is mainly caused by endocrine hormone imbalance. So what causes endocrine hormone disorder? Traditional Chinese medicine believes that those who are not in the position of chong ren often have menstrual disorders and spots on their faces because of poor emotional state and abnormal excretion of liver qi, while those who are not in the position of chong ren have qi stagnation and blood stasis. Modern medicine believes that marriage and childbearing, diet, the external environment of human existence and genetic factors are the main causes of breast diseases.

2. Mastitis

Mastitis refers to acute purulent infection of breast, which is a common disease in puerperium and one of the causes of postpartum fever. It is most common in lactating women, especially primiparas. Breastfeeding can happen at any time, and the beginning of breastfeeding is the most common.

Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Fuzhou Gulou Hospital

Three "killers" of irregular menstruation

First, amenorrhea (medical terminology: amenorrhea)

In the following pages, the term "amenorrhea" is used in all cases involving amenorrhea. Amenorrhea can be divided into primary amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. We will introduce the two most common causes of amenorrhea elsewhere, pregnancy and menopause.

Secondary amenorrhea is defined as a previously normal individual who has no menstrual cycle for more than 90 days (three menstrual cycles disappear). Menstruation must be checked if it disappears for more than 3 months.

Primitive amenorrhea occurs at the age when girls should menstruate. Different people have their first menstruation at different times, and most people have menstruation at the age of 16. A young girl, if her peers have menstruation and she doesn't, she must have a prenatal examination.

The causes of primary amenorrhea will be discussed later.

The following organs are related to the occurrence of normal menstrual cycle

1, endometrium

2. Ovary

3, pituitary gland

4. Hypothalamus (a special area of the brain) 1. Endometrium The endometrium is usually thick (stimulated by estrogen) or thin (decreased estrogen secretion). Also known as "female reproductive organs" and "standard menstrual period".

ovary

Menstrual period depends on the secretion of ovarian hormones. No menstrual period usually leads to anovulation (the ovaries don't release any egg cells). Also known as "standard ovary".

There are several possibilities:

1, no follicular formation, no estrogen production. In this case, the endometrium will be very thin.

2. Follicles are formed, but they can't divide, and estrogen is also produced, but it is not against progesterone. In this case, the endometrium will become thicker. In the latter case, one or more follicles are usually associated with estrogen.

Acoustic navigation and ranging system can show the existence of follicles, and blood test can show the level of estrogen in blood.

3, pituitary gland

The pituitary gland can secrete many hormones to control our body functions. Three of them are closely related to menstrual function. They are follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin. The levels of these three hormones can be known by blood test. Also called "pituitary cycle and menstrual cycle".

If FSH and LH levels increase and estrogen levels decrease, then the problem is usually the ovary. Ovary can not cause FSH and LH response, but the continuous increase of FSH and LH levels can cause ovarian response.

If FSH levels are normal and estrogen and LH levels are elevated, the diagnosis of polycystic ovary disease can be ruled out (see polycystic ovary).

If FSH, LH and estrogen are all decreased, then pituitary or hypothalamic diseases can be ruled out.

Higher prolactin levels also require further examination.

Blood examination combined with microscopic diagnosis of endometrium can provide medical practitioners with exact information about the causes of amenorrhea.

The treatment of amenorrhea depends on the needs of pregnancy. If you want to have children, you should do hormone therapy such as ovulation induction therapy to regulate the menstrual cycle. For women with thickened endometrium, it is important to regulate the normal menstrual cycle and prevent endometrial cancer in the future [remember: if your endometrium is thick, you don't have cancer, but it may develop into incurable cancer many years later (more than ten years later)].

There are effective drugs to treat the increase of prolactin level. In many cases, these highly effective drugs can shrink pituitary tumors. It is important to remember that only a few people with high prolactin levels will develop pituitary tumors.

What is the gynecological examination?

After the consultation, please go to the examination table behind the partition and take off your clothes for gynecological examination. At this time, don't be embarrassed if you have a feeling of urine. A full bladder will directly affect the examination. Lie on the examination table with your legs apart. If you feel nervous, don't forget to tell the doctor that besides taking a deep breath to adjust yourself, she will also help you divert your attention.

hole

Objective: To check whether the vulva skin is smooth, the color is normal, and whether there are ulcers, dermatitis, vegetation and hypopigmentation. Normal vulva: pubic hair downward, triangular distribution, pigmentation of labia majora, reddish labia minora, clitoris length < 2 .5cm, and pale pink mucosa around urethral orifice.

After that, a deeper examination is needed, and a speculum is needed, which is usually disposable or sealed after disinfection. The doctor will warm it in hot water, then apply vaseline, and then put the closed duckbill into the vagina, so that the examination is more tolerable. When the duckbill opens, the inner wall of the vagina, which is usually stuck together, is opened, and the doctor can clearly see the vagina and cervix.

vagina

Objective: To check whether the surface of vaginal mucosa is smooth, whether the texture is normal, whether there is bleeding point, and whether the characteristics and smell of vaginal secretions are normal. Normal vagina: the mucosa of vaginal wall is pale pink with wrinkles, without ulcers, vegetation, cysts and congenital malformations. The secretion is egg white or white paste, without fishy smell, and the amount is small, but it increases during ovulation and pregnancy. If you want to check leucorrhea, the doctor will take the specimen at this time.

neck

Objective: To observe whether there are tumors, ulcers, erosions and polyps on the cervix, whether the size of the cervix is normal, whether the surface is smooth, whether the texture is excellent, and whether there is uterine prolapse. Normal cervix: the periphery is raised and there is a hole in the middle. The parturient is round and I-shaped, tough, fleshy and smooth. If you want to do a smear examination of cervical cancer, the doctor will take samples at this time.

The doctor took out the speculum, put on a pair of thin rubber gloves, coated with vaseline, slowly put one or two fingers into the vagina, and put the other hand on the lower abdomen to press down hard. This is an examination of the uterus and accessories. This will make you nervous again, even a little painful. No way, relax, stare at the ceiling and think about "Fei Xian". If you are fat, you should relax yourself more. Fingers will feel pain when touching the bottom of the uterus, but the time is not long, 1 minute or so.

Uterus and adnexa

Objective: To understand the position, activity and texture of uterine fundus. If the uterus is enlarged, hardened and the surface is not smooth, it is abnormal and needs further examination. Normal uterus: inverted pear-shaped, 7-8cm long, 4-5cm wide and 2-3cm thick, mostly in forward flexion, with medium hardness and good fluidity. Ovary and fallopian tube are collectively called "attachments", which can move and feel slight pain after touching. Normal fallopian tubes should not be touched.

Clinical manifestations and identification points of gynecological vaginal bleeding in Fuzhou Gulou Hospital: Vaginal bleeding is one of the most common symptoms of gynecological diseases of female genitalia, with various causes. In addition to normal menstruation, vaginal bleeding can also occur due to inflammation of reproductive organs, pathological pregnancy, endocrine diseases, trauma and tumors. Therefore, if a female friend has abnormal vaginal bleeding, she should go to the hospital immediately to find out the cause of the bleeding.

Clinical manifestations and differential points:

1. Routine vaginal bleeding

(1) Increased menstrual flow: mainly manifested as normal menstrual cycle, but excessive menstrual flow or prolonged menstruation. This type of bleeding is mostly related to hysteromyoma, adenomyosis or the placement of intrauterine devices.

(2) Menstrual bleeding: It occurs between two menstrual cramps and generally lasts for 3-4 days. Generally, the amount of bleeding is less than the amount of menstruation, and occasionally it may be accompanied by pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen. This bleeding is caused by the temporary decrease of follicular rupture and estrogen level during menstruation, which is also called ovulation bleeding.

(3) Blood dripping before or after menstruation: a small amount of vaginal bleeding continues for several days after menstruation, and blood is often dripped endlessly. Can be seen in ovulation menstrual disorders or the side effects of placing intrauterine devices. A similar situation may also occur in endometriosis.

2. Irregular vaginal bleeding

(1) Contact bleeding: vaginal bleeding immediately after sexual intercourse or vaginal examination, with bright red color and more or less amount, which is common in acute cervicitis, early cervical cancer, cervical polyp or uterine submucous myoma.

(2) Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding: If the patient is a woman of childbearing age and has symptoms such as lower abdominal pain and nausea, first consider pregnancy-related diseases, such as abortion, ectopic pregnancy or trophoblastic diseases; If the patient is a female with no sexual life history in adolescence or a perimenopausal woman with other symptoms, anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding should be considered. For the latter, reproductive tract malignant tumor should be excluded first.

(3) Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding: Generally, the amount of bleeding is small and can be continuous or repeated. Occasionally accompanied by lower abdominal pain. First of all, consider endometrial cancer, which can also be seen in senile vaginitis or endometritis.

(4) Post-traumatic vaginal bleeding: it is more common after riding and riding injuries, and the amount of bleeding can be more or less, accompanied by vulvar pain.