Management of cherry trees
1. Propagation and planting
China cherry branches have strong rooting ability, and cuttings are often used for propagation, and the survival rate can generally reach 80% ~ 90%. It is advisable to use annual branches for cutting, and cut before the juice flows out in spring. The cutting length is 1.5 cm ~ 20 cm, buried for 2/3, and then the top or tip height of the cutting is leveled with soil cover 1 cm ~ 2 cm. When propagating a small number of seedlings, the method of dividing plants or layering can be used. Sweet cherries must be propagated by grafting. Grass cherry (a kind of China cherry with strong affinity for sweet cherry) can be used as rootstock, and other rootstocks can be used as green cherry, sour cherry and Mahali cherry. The latter two kinds of rootstocks have a certain dwarfing effect.
Cherry in China has strong adaptability and can be planted in Jianghuai area. Sweet cherry is not suitable for planting because of its poor adaptability to wind and high temperature and humidity south of Huaihe River. Otherwise, it is easy to cause long branches and leaves, and the fruit maturity is in the rainy season, which is also easy to cause fruit cracking and rotten fruit. The best soil is loam with good ventilation and drainage, which can keep it moist. The planting area also directly chooses frosting to avoid the wind.
To plant sweet cherries, we should choose good pollination trees and plant them at the same time. When Naong and Binku are the main varieties, topaz, Dazi and Zaozi can be used as pollination trees. When red light and big purple are the main varieties, they can be matched with Nahong and Topaz. However, Naong and Binku showed incompatibility after cross-pollination. Guahong and Hong Ju can pollinate each other. In addition, Steiner and Rubins are good pollinators because of their strong pollen affinity. Pollination trees should generally account for 30% ~ 40%. Canned sweet cherries should also be yellow varieties with large fruits and hard flesh, such as Naong, banana and Rainie.
Seedlings can be planted in autumn or spring. Watering once immediately after planting, raising soil and keeping moisture, or covering the tree tray with plastic film are beneficial to improve the survival rate of planting and the early growth of plants. The row spacing varies according to the crown size. The crown of cherry in China is small, generally 4-5 meters, and the crown of sweet cherry is large, which should be 4-6 meters. On barren land or when dwarfing culture is adopted, the plant spacing can be appropriately reduced.
Step 2: plastic trimming
The cherries in China are not dry enough, but they have many branches. Generally, natural trees are used. There is no trunk or the trunk is extremely short. Cultivate 4 ~ 5 oblique main branches from near the ground, shorten the crown appropriately in winter, and choose auxiliary main branches (lateral branches). In the growth period, those with strong new shoots can pick the core early (before June), promote secondary branching and accelerate the formation of crown. Plastic surgery can generally be completed within three years.
Sweet cherry seeds have strong characters, and it is generally considered that natural favorite or natural clump trees form quickly, prune lightly and bear early fruits, which are suitable for close planting. The former tree-like process can refer to peaches. In addition, varieties with strong dryness and obvious stratification (such as nano-farmers) can also adopt evacuation and stratification trees. However, this kind of tree is relatively tall, inconvenient to manage, and often fails to bear fruit because of the large amount of pruning. If the dwarfing anvil is used, the tree structure can be simplified, and the free spindle-shaped or trunk-shaped tree-shaped accelerated molding can be adopted.
When pruning, in order to promote the early fruiting and high yield of young trees, except the trunk branches are cut short according to the plastic requirements, the other branches with moderate growth are slowly placed to promote the formation of short and medium fruit branches and bear fruit at an early date. Erect branches and over-dense branches need thinning. Branches with small angles should adjust their angles during the growing period. 2-3-year-old branches with short fruit branches and short bouquets should be properly retracted in full fruit stage to stimulate vegetative growth and the formation of new fruit branches, and delay the senescence of fruit branches and the outward migration of fruiting parts. After entering the senescence stage, China cherry can often use the forecast rate to update the main branches; Sweet cherry can be regenerated year by year by using hidden shoots. Pruning should be done after fruit picking.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management and length control promote flowering.
Cherry root system distribution is shallow, especially sweet cherry, which is often vulnerable to drought, wind and freezing with the growth of tree age. After planting, the holes should be expanded year by year to dig deep into the soil and deepen the distribution of roots. According to the characteristics of early and short growth period of cherry blossom, fertilization should be based on post-harvest fertilizer and base fertilizer before winter to promote flower bud differentiation and increase storage nutrition of trees. In addition, appropriate topdressing (mainly nitrogen fertilizer) and topdressing outside the roots (spraying 0. L% ~ 0.3% urea or 600 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate at flowering stage can improve fruit setting rate and promote branch growth.
Lack of water in soil often leads to cherry fruit dropping. If there is drought from flowering to harvest, it is necessary to irrigate properly. Cherry reporting system requires strict soil ventilation conditions, less irrigation each time, timely intertillage and moisture conservation. In places without irrigation conditions, trees can be covered with grass to keep water. This has a good effect on improving the fruit setting rate and berry quality of cherry. After entering the mature stage, repeated rainfall is easy to cause fruit cracking. In addition to selecting varieties resistant to fruit cracking and well draining in the field, 72% calcium hydroxide or 54% calcium chloride solution should be sprayed 2 ~ 3 weeks before berry harvesting, and sprayed again every 5 ~ 7 days to reduce fruit cracking.