Cultivation techniques of yellow peach
grow seedlings
Choose high-lying, sunny, loose and fertile land, plough deeply before sowing, apply sole fertilizer and open drainage ditch. Yellow peaches are mainly rootstock seedlings, and the rootstock variety is generally Maotao. After the peach pit is layered, the kernel is taken to accelerate germination, and it is sown in late March (plastic film mulching is the best), and 1 ridge double-row sowing is about 300,000 grains /hm, and fertilizer and water management is strengthened in the middle to promote plant growth. There are two kinds of grafting methods, namely "D"-shaped seeding grafting method and bud head grafting method. The latter is mainly introduced, which is convenient to operate and suitable for large-scale grafting. Select scions with excellent comprehensive properties, take vegetative branches without plant diseases and insect pests at the periphery of the middle part, remove leaves and leave petioles, select robust bud heads to cross 1 at the upper part, then cut xylem to the transverse incision of the lower end of the bud 2cm, then stick the cut scions on the incision of the rootstock, align with the cambium, tie the rootstock tightly with plastic film tape, and check the survival situation and loosen it in time after 2 weeks. Bud grafting is carried out in the middle and early June and from mid-August to mid-September. The grafted seedlings of the former can be planted in the nursery in the same year, and the sprouting tillers can be removed in time to promote the germination of seedlings. The latter will become semi-finished seedlings in the same year, and the rootstock will be cut off 0.5cm away from the bud grafting position in the next spring to cultivate grafted seedlings. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the early stage and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the later stage.
plant
/kloc-sow from October to March of the following year, mainly in autumn, until the peach seedlings shed leaves and the soil is completely frozen, which can delay the seedlings quickly and have a high survival rate in the next spring. The density should be determined according to the conditions and varieties, plastic cutting methods and management level in the garden. Generally, 450 ~ 750 plants/hectare should be planted (1 hectare is 15 mu). The depth of the planting point should be 40-80 cm. Choose strong seedlings (try to choose one-year-old seedlings, which are shorter than those with buds 1 year, and the molding will be shortened by two years, and the fruit will be produced in the second year), plant at the same level, and apply 50kg/ organic fertilizer/hole and calcium superphosphate 1kg/ hole to achieve one layer of fertilizer and one layer of soil. The planting depth is 3-5cm below the grafting site, and the bud faces the sun. 1/2 When burying the seedlings, lift the seedlings upward to fully stretch the roots, then fill the soil, water it and cover it with plastic film. In order to prevent the seedlings from swaying by the wind, a bamboo pole can be inserted next to the seedlings and tied and fixed. When the grafted bud grows to less than 40cm, the rootstock (bud grafting) should be cut off in time, and it should be cut obliquely at the upper end of the grafted bud 1cm. When the grafted buds grow to more than 60cm, pick them in time to promote the growth of secondary buds and prepare for the cultivation of tertiary branches. In order to prevent nodules, 1.0 ~ 1.5kg/ hole can be disinfected with ammonia before planting.
Soil, fertilizer and water management
After defoliation, before freezing, combined with the application of base fertilizer in autumn to deepen and expand the Taoyuan hole, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and deepen outward every year or every other year, with a depth of 40-60cm, so as to minimize root damage, especially the backbone roots, until the soil between the plants is completely ploughed, tidy up the tree tray, backfill the soil with organic fertilizer and fill it with frozen water. After rain or irrigation in the orchard growing period, intertillage and loosen the soil for 5- 10cm in time. Can cover wheat straw, wheat bran, corn straw, hay, etc. Under the canopy, it is 10 ~ 15cm thick, and 2 cm of soil is pressed on it.
1 to 2 years, newly planted seedlings must pay attention to fertilizer and water management to promote seedling growth, but they must be sparse and fertilized frequently. In the spring and summer seedling growing season, young trees can plant thin vegetables, which is beneficial to improve soil vitality and change soil quality, but they must not plant tall crops. Apply thin fertilizer frequently, promote before and control after. Fertilize 10 times from March to June, and apply 50 g urea per plant with toilet water; From the end of June to July, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (50g/ plant) was applied three times to promote branch maturation and flower bud differentiation. We must pay attention to the management of fertilizer and water at seedling stage in order to sprout, germinate and become branches as soon as possible. It is forbidden to use ammonium bicarbonate as topdressing. Ammonium bicarbonate is an alkaline fertilizer, which easily alkalizes soil. Peach root can't absorb trace elements in alkaline soil, which leads to iron deficiency and magnesium deficiency. After fruit trees enter the fruiting period, they are strict with fertilizer and water, and should be fertilized, drained and irrigated in time. Germination fertilizer was applied in the middle and late February, accounting for 10% of the annual fertilization. Irrigation with quick-acting fertilizer and clear water. If the buds are full, you can only use irrigation. Strong fruit fertilizer should be applied from late April to mid-May, accounting for 30% of the annual consumption. Pay attention to potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Apply fruit picking fertilizer from June to September, accounting for 60% of the annual consumption. The combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is the most important fertilization in the whole year. External fertilization: spraying high-yield fertilizer before and after flowering to stabilize flowers and fruits, topdressing before bagging, spraying growth regulator to inhibit branch growth and promote flower bud differentiation. Yellow peach fruit trees are very strict about water, so they should open drains to prevent water accumulation. Fruits need a lot of water during their development. In case of high temperature and drought, drought-resistant irrigation must be carried out in time, and the best irrigation time in summer is evening or early morning.
Plastic trimming
Peach trees have the characteristics of weak dryness, high germination rate and strong branching, so they become crowns quickly and bear fruit early, but they also age quickly. Therefore, plastic surgery should be shaped as soon as possible to shorten the vegetative growth period. The tree is mainly natural and cheerful, with a fixed trunk of 50-60cm, 3-4 secondary branches with good orientation are selected as the trunk, and the cultivated lateral branches are about 65,438+00, with an opening angle of 60-70. Young trees should be lightly cut, and heavy cutting should be carried out in the full fruit period. Pruning is divided into summer pruning and winter pruning. The pruning time in summer is from April to June, mainly focusing on shaping, expanding crown as soon as possible and cultivating solid skeleton, mainly including budding, reducing sprouting, twisting tips and pulling branches. The pruning time in winter is165438+1late October to 65438+February, with summer pruning as the main factor and the latter as the supplement.
Fruit management
Yellow peach has three physiological fruit drops throughout the year. 1 time appears around 15d after flowering, and the second fruit dropping time is from late May to early June. Prevention method: use peach buds to hold down long branches, and do not apply fertilizer before flowering to prevent the tender branches from running away; Pruning, proper fertilization, attention to drainage and prevention of pests and diseases can be carried out in summer. Fruit trees have high fruit setting rate and consume too much nutrients, which will cause fruit drop, so it is necessary to thin the fruit in time. When thinning fruit, remove insect fruit, diseased fruit and deformed fruit, remove double fruit and leave one. 1 The time is generally in early May, and the fruit reserves are sufficient. The second time was carried out before bagging in the middle and late May, and the fruits were kept according to the predetermined amount. The fruit of yellow peach is vulnerable to pests such as peach moth, moth and moth, which affects the yield and commodity value. Bagging can not only prevent insects and birds, but also reduce the frequency of drug use, production cost and pesticide pollution. Moreover, the color of bagged yellow peaches is brighter, which improves the quality and sales price of fruits. The suitable bagging time is 50 ~ 55 days after the second physiological fruit drop (hard core stage), that is, in the middle and late May, at 9:00 ~ 1 1:00 in sunny days and at 5: 00 ~18: 00 in sunny days. The liquid medicine is dry, and the fashion bag. When bagging, open the paper bag with the ventilation and water leakage opening facing down. After the fruit is nested, aim the fruit handle at the middle of the base of the bag mouth, fold the bag mouth from the middle to both sides in turn, and tie the bag mouth tightly with iron wire to avoid hurting the fruit and the fruit handle. The bagging sequence should be from top to bottom and from inside to outside. Different varieties have different picking time. If it is difficult to color, the bag should be picked early in advance, usually 5 to 30 days before picking.