Parliament is the central stage of British politics and the highest legislative body in Britain. The government comes from the parliament and is responsible to it. Congress is bicameral, consisting of upper house and lower house. The House of Commons has the final legislative power. Since the establishment of Parliament, meetings have usually been held in the Palace of Westminster (Parliament Building), an ancient building in London. Meetings are held twice a year. The first session starts at the end of March and ends at the beginning of August, and the second session starts at the end of 10 and ends before Christmas in 12.
Unlike the constitutions of most countries, the British Constitution is not an independent document. It consists of written law, customary law and convention. There are magna carta (12 15), habeas corpus (1679), bill of rights (1689), and parliamentary law (191,etc. The monarch is the head of state, the highest judicial officer, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the "supreme leader" of the Anglican Church. Formally, he has the right to appoint and remove the Prime Minister, ministers, senior judges, military officers, governors of various territories, diplomats, bishops and senior clergy of the Anglican Church, and has the right to convene, stop and dissolve parliament, approve laws and declare peace, but the real power lies in the cabinet. Scotland has its own independent legal system. Article 65 of the Magna Carta is divided into three parts: the first part is about the relationship between the king and the Lord; The second part is the king's policies and procedures; The third part is about the provisions of dispute settlement between kings and lords. According to the Magna Carta, the king should protect the feudal inheritance rights of nobles and knights, and should not illegally collect high taxes from feudal owners, arbitrarily arrest, imprison, exile or confiscate their property, or recognize the autonomy of cities such as London. In order to ensure that the charter did not expire, a Committee of 25 barons supervised the king. If the charter was broken, the feudal lords had the right to force the king to implement it by military means. British constitutionalism comes from Magna Carta, and its basic spirit is limited kingship and individual freedom. Some scholars, such as Stobbs, think that the whole British constitutional history is actually the annotated history of Magna Carta.
There are three different legal systems of judicature: England and Wales are common law systems, Scotland is civil law system, and Northern Ireland is a legal system similar to England. The judicial system is divided into two systems: civil courts and criminal courts. In England and Wales, civil courts are divided into county courts, high courts, civil courts of appeal and houses of lords. Criminal trial institutions are divided into local courts, criminal courts, criminal divisions of appeal courts and the House of Lords. The highest judicial organ in Britain is the House of Lords, which is the final appellate body for civil and criminal cases. 1986 set up the royal prosecutor's office, which is subordinate to the national government agency and is responsible for accepting all criminal cases submitted by the police authorities in England and Wales. The Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General are the main legal advisers of the British government, representing the royal family in some domestic and international cases. The history of the British jury can be traced back to the Middle Ages, and it has always been a deeply rooted part of its criminal legal system.
According to the court law of 197 1, the courts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are mainly divided into three organizational systems: civil courts, criminal courts and specialized courts. The civil court system includes county courts, high courts, civil appeal courts and the House of Lords. Scotland has its own unique court organization system: county courts only have jurisdiction over civil cases, and county magistrate courts also have jurisdiction over civil cases and criminal cases. The High Court of Scotland is the highest judicial authority in civil and criminal cases in Scotland, but civil cases can also be appealed to the House of Lords. Scotland also has ad hoc land courts. In addition, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom is the highest court of appeal of the courts of some Commonwealth member countries, colonies, protectorates and trusteeship countries, and accepts appeals from local courts. Administrative litigation is under the jurisdiction of ordinary courts and general legal rules apply. After the Second World War, administrative tribunals developed rapidly, but generally speaking, they have no power of final adjudication, and the parties who refuse to accept the court's ruling have the right to appeal to ordinary courts.
Judges are appointed. The Chief Justice, the judges of the House of Lords and the judges of the Court of Appeal are recommended by the Prime Minister and appointed by the King of England. There is no Ministry of Justice in Britain, and the Chief Justice has the power to appoint and remove judicial personnel. A judge must be a trial lawyer of the Bar Association and have a certain number of years of judicial practice experience. Once a judge is appointed, he may not be removed from office without his consent. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for life. District court judges can only retire after the age of 72. Judges are well paid and well paid.
The queen and the king are heads of state. [Queen Elizabeth II]/Kloc-0 succeeded to the throne on February 6, 952, and/Kloc-0 was crowned on June 2, 953. The Queen of England is only a symbol of power, and the Prime Minister is responsible for the daily production and life of the country. The Queen of England is also the head of the Commonwealth, but now the Commonwealth is composed of independent countries, so the Queen of England is only a symbol of the Commonwealth. Queen Elizabeth II has been the head of the United Kingdom since she ascended the throne in 1952. She is also a direct descendant of King egbert. During his reign, King egbert unified England in 829 AD. Before the birth of the parliamentary system, the monarchy had existed in Britain for hundreds of years, and it was interrupted only once, from 1649 to 1660, when Britain adopted the * * * system and implemented a republic. For centuries, the absolute power of the monarch has been eroded and weakened. Nevertheless, as the constitutional head of state, the monarch still retains important symbolic significance. Now, Queen Elizabeth II has been in power for 60 years, and only Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Victoria have been in power for more than 60 years.