Potted grape technology
I. General specifications of pots and barrels. Grapes are planted in the field and flourish. Branches and vines can stretch 7-8 meters or more in 1 year. Potted grapes are generally in containers with a diameter of 33-40 cm, such as pottery tile flowerpots, small wooden barrels and packing boxes, with water seepage holes at the bottom, so as to timely remove excess water in the containers and prevent root rot caused by excessive accumulated water.
Second, the preparation of basin soil. Ordinary clay and sandy soil are not suitable for the growth and development of grapes. Clay has poor permeability and air permeability and contains little organic matter. After watering, the soil becomes thin and muddy, and cracks appear when it is slightly dry, which is not conducive to the growth of grapes. Sandy soil contains less organic matter, poor water absorption and poor physical properties of fertilizer and water conservation. It is difficult for grapes to grow and develop if they are not fertilized and watered regularly.
Humic soil is the most suitable soil for cultivation, because it contains a certain amount of organic matter, has good permeability of fertilizer, water and gas, and is slightly acidic, which is suitable for the growth and development of grapes. When preparing, 1/3 decomposed sheep manure, chicken manure or horse manure can be mixed with 2/3 field soil, and 1/3 manure, sand and field soil can also be used. Appropriate amount of pig manure or human manure can also be added, but the dosage does not exceed 25%.
Third, planting and shaping. Potted grapes are generally planted with 1-2 year-old seedlings. It can bear fruit 1 year after planting.
Results Pre-pruning of young trees was mainly to adjust the relationship between aboveground and underground parts of plants and promote the early formation of young trees. The principle of pruning is rather short than long. Plastic surgery mainly includes the following types:
1. Trunk shaping method: 1 main vine is cultivated in the same year of planting, and all other new buds are removed soon after germination. When the main vine grows to 0.5 meters, the top is removed to promote the growth of axillary buds. For the secondary branches that grow in summer, except for the uppermost branch that grows upward instead of the main vine that has been cored, all other secondary branches have 2-3 leaves to be cored to prevent the secondary branches from growing indefinitely and dispersing the nutrition of the whole plant. In the second year, the secondary branches can bear fruit.
2. Spiral shaping method: When the new vines cultivated in the same year grow to 0.8- 1 m, remove the top, leave 2-3 leaves on the secondary branches, and the top secondary branches extend upward to 6-7 leaves for coring to control their prolonged growth. Leave 1 branch every 30-40 cm until 2-3 leaves are cored. The following spring, tie the main vine with a triangular bracket.
3. Cluster shaping method: 4-5 main vines can be left in the same year of planting, and 65,438+0 secondary branches can be left on each main vine at intervals of 30-40 cm. When it grows to 5-6 leaves, remove the top and core. When the main vine grows to 0.8- 1 m, remove the top and pick the core. According to the size of the basin.
Fourth, the management of potted grape growth period
1, water and fertilizer management
(1) fertilization should adhere to the principle of less and diligent, and never apply coarse fertilizer or raw fertilizer. For example, in April and May, you can often apply some bean cake water, fish washing water and bone washing water. No fertilizer can be applied in the late growth stage to prevent the secondary branches from overgrowth.
Fertilization can be based on the growth of grapes. If the new shoots of grapes are weak, the leaves are small and light, and the ears are small, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied. If the flower bud differentiation is poor, phosphate fertilizer can be applied; If a large number of grapes drop buds, the leaf edges and veins turn yellow and the leaves are uneven, boron fertilizer should be applied; The internodes of new shoots become shorter, the leaves become smaller, the mesophyll turns yellow, and when it is serious, it dries up and falls off, indicating that the grape plants are short of zinc; If the branches and vines are poorly developed, the cold resistance is reduced and the berry color is poor, it is caused by potassium deficiency; Iron deficiency may also lead to chlorosis. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement the fertilizer needed by plants according to different growth conditions.
(2) Watering should follow the principle of "dry thoroughly and thoroughly", and never water it. You can knock the flowerpot up and down, it makes a crisp sound, and the soil is dry, it makes a deep sound, but the soil is not dry. Dry the soil thoroughly and water it in time. In addition, plants should be watered more in the vigorous growth period and less in the flowering and fruiting period to avoid falling flowers and fruits.
2. Pest control. Grapes are prone to black pox and white rot; Spider, scale insect and Longjiang moth are easy to live, and can be controlled with 800- 1000 times dimethoate and tuijun. In addition, the control effect of bordeaux mixture is also good (flowering period is forbidden, otherwise it will cause the phenomenon of falling flowers and affect the yield).
Key points of potted grape planting technology
1, variety
Almost all varieties can be used for potted plants, but from the aspects of beautification, fruit production and management, we must pay attention to the following points:
1. 1 Choose red or yellow-green varieties with beautiful ear and grain shape.
1.2 Select varieties with moderate growth potential, short branches and internodes, high seed setting rate and resistance to pests and diseases.
1.3 Select female flower varieties, consider configuring pollinated varieties or grafting other varieties on plants, because they cannot pollinate themselves.
2. Containers and culture soil
2. 1 container. Potted grapes are usually packed in pottery pots, which are well drained and breathable and cheap. Pots, porcelain pots, plastic pots (barrels), wooden cases, wooden barrels, cement tanks and other containers are also acceptable. The shapes of containers are round, polygonal and rectangular. There is also a difference in depth. General family potted plants have a diameter of 25 ~ 30 cm and a depth of 15 ~ 30 cm.
2.2 culture soil. That is to say, potted soil should have good air permeability and drainage performance, good physical and chemical properties, rich in organic matter and nutrients, suitable pH value and no pests and diseases. The proportion is 30% ~ 50% of garden soil, 20% ~ 30% of humus or organic fertilizer and 20% ~ 30% of river sand. The prepared culture soil should be loose, fertile and have excellent physical and chemical properties. The prepared pot soil can be disinfected by spraying 0. 1% formalin solution, 500 ml per cubic pot soil, and can be disinfected by high-temperature steam if possible.
3. Seedlings and field planting
Seedlings used for potted grapes can be cultivated by cutting, grafting and layering, or 1 ~ 3-year-old grape plants can be transplanted with soil before germination. When planting, put ceramic tiles on the center hole of the basin bottom, spread a layer of pebbles with a thickness of about 3 cm, then put part of the basin soil into it to make steamed bread, spread the trimmed seedling roots on it in four directions, then fill the soil, gently press it to 3-5 cm away from the mouth of the basin, water it to make the soil seep down, and then fill the soil and water it until the bottom hole flows out. After planting, put it in a warm place and cover it with plastic film to keep it moist.
4. Plastic surgery
Usually potted grape shaping has the following kinds:
4. 1 spherical. The plant has 2 ~ 3 long fruiting branches on the short trunk, which are bent and bound into a ball with the help of wire frame. After the new buds grow, leave 6 ~ 8 branches around, and the plant becomes spherical.
4.2 Funnel shape. 3 ~ 4 main vines are left in the plant and distributed obliquely outward along the funnel frame, or the mother branches are bent into upper and lower rings, and new shoots are tied around the funnel frame.
4.3 fan shape. There are 1 main tendrils and 1 ~ 2 lateral tendrils in the plant, and the branches are distributed on the fan-shaped frame surface, and the leaf curtain is relatively flat and wide.
4.4 spiral. Tie the well-growing mother branch to the bamboo pole in a spiral shape, and the new bud will stand upright or partially hang after growing.
prune
Pay attention to control polarity and recover or update bare branches in time. The number of branches and buds should be coordinated with the soil, fertilizer, water and nutritional conditions of potted plants, and greed should not be avoided.
5. 1 branch management. Take off new buds and shoots in time, and core them according to different growth conditions.
5.2 Inflorescence shaping and flower thinning and fruit thinning. Leave 1 ear (big fruit variety) or 1 ~ 2 ear (small fruit variety) on the bearing branch. Combined with thinning flowers, carefully trim the ear axis before flowering. Carefully thinning the fruit after flowering, the purpose is that the fruit develops fully and neatly, and does not pursue large ear.
6. Fertilizer and water
Base fertilizer should be applied in combination with soil replacement, and liquid topdressing should be applied during the growth period to prevent excessive concentration from burning roots. The pot seedlings that have not yet borne fruit should be applied with cake fertilizer every 7- 1d from the height of 20 cm (6-7 leaves) until the end of September, and it is best to apply cake fertilizer every 5 days for those that have borne fruit. Spraying fertilizer on leaves is both effective and economical. The method is to spray 0. 1% ~ 0.3% urea 2 ~ 3 times in the early growth stage, and spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 1 time every 7 ~ 10 d for 3 ~ 4 times.
When watering, the water temperature should be close to the soil temperature, and water should be done before 10: 00 in the morning and after 4: 00 in the afternoon. Generally, water every 2 ~ 3 d in early spring, which can increase evaporation 1 ~ 2 d with the increase of temperature, and the watering times should be kept moist.