Chrysanthemum and knife download:
Introduction of chrysanthemum and knife;
Author: (America) ruth benedict
Translator: North Tower
Publishing House: Shanghai Sanlian Publishing House
Release date: 2007- 1 1- 1
ISBN:978754262630 1
Bar code: 978754262630 1
Version: 2007, 165438+ 10 month, 1.
Impression: 1
Page count: 533 pages
Paperback: Paperback
Format: 16
Word count: 189000
Paper: offset paper
Printing time: 2007/11/01
Package quantity: 2 PCs
Market price: ￥20
"Chrysanthemum" is the symbol of Japanese royal family, and "knife" is the symbol of Bushido culture. Ruth benedict, an American anthropologist, used "chrysanthemum" and "knife" to reveal the contradictory character of Japanese people, that is, the duality of Japanese culture (such as loving beauty and spurning, being polite and aggressive, liking novelty and stubbornness, obeying and unruly, etc.). ), and then analyzes the hierarchical system and related customs of Japanese society, pointing out that the discontinuity of Japanese children's education and adult education is an important factor to form this dual character. Of all the enemies that the United States goes all out to fight, the Japanese are the most puzzling opponents. Because there is a huge difference in thought and behavior with this powerful opponent, we must seriously consider how to deal with it. Western countries believe that even in war, we should follow some war practices that conform to basic human nature, but in the eyes of the Japanese, there is no such concept. In this case, understanding the nature of the enemy has become a core issue. To fight against Japan, we must understand the behavior of the Japanese.
Chrysanthemum and Knife was originally an investigation report by ruth benedict, an American anthropologist, who was ordered by the American government to analyze and study the Japanese society and nation, aiming at guiding the United States to control Japan after the defeat. 1946 was officially published, and the Japanese version was 1949, which caused strong repercussions in the United States and Japan. Mr. Jin Kemu specially recommended this book and affirmed the research results of this female scholar. In fact, the U.S. government's postwar policy toward Japan and Japan's corresponding response are basically consistent with the analysis in this book. It can be described as a guide book for the United States to transform Japan and analyze Japan. This book is also regarded as a must-read for studying Japanese national character and an outstanding example of the direct application of social science research to political practice.
Cui pointed out, "Of course, this book also has some defects and deficiencies in theoretical analysis and data. For example, the author focuses on finding out the way of action and thinking of ordinary Japanese, while ignoring the division of social classes. In fact, Japanese people also have specific differences in class, region, occupation and age, which will bring about differences in action and thinking mode. In addition, when analyzing Japanese culture and national character, she regards it as a static thing and ignores historical changes. In fact, some contradictory elements in Japanese actions and ways of thinking come from different occasions and some come from changes in historical environment. If we can't see the historical side of the problem, we can't further explore Japanese culture. Moreover, because the author has never been to Japan, the data and information are also limited. These have become the reasons why the book has been criticized by some scholars. "
[Edit this paragraph] Author introduction
Ruth Benedict (1887- 1948), born in Fulton, new york, is an American feminist. In the late World War II, Germany and Japan were defeated, and the United States needed to formulate specific policies according to Japan's situation. So Benedict was ordered by the American government to collect all kinds of information on 1944, and completed this report, in which he expounded his inference. The decision of the United States after the war is consistent with her inference, and her accurate foresight is one of the highlights of this book.
She studied English literature in college, and 19 19 went to Columbia University to study anthropology. She studied under Flantz boas, one of the greatest anthropologists before World War II, and received her doctorate in 1923. She studied Indian tribal culture in 1927, wrote a book "Cultural Patterns" (1934), and finished a book "Race: Science and Politics" in 1940, criticizing racial discrimination. During the Second World War, he studied the national character of Romania, Holland, Germany, Thailand and other countries, among which Chrysanthemum and Knife, a Japanese study, made the greatest contribution. After World War II, she continued to participate in "Contemporary Cultural Studies" at Columbia University, and died in September 1948.
[Edit this paragraph] table of contents
Chapter 1 Task-Understanding Japan
Chapter II Japan in the War
Chapter III Take your positions
Chapter IV Meiji Restoration
Chapter v benefactors of history and the world
Chapter VI Repaying One Ten Thousand of Goodwill
Chapter VII Friendship "The hardest to bear"
Chapter VIII Maintaining Reputation
Chapter IX Secularity of the World
Chapter 10 Moral Dilemma
Chapter XI Self-cultivation
Chapter XII Children's Education
Chapter 13 Japanese after surrender
[Edit this paragraph] Summary
Chapter 1 Task: Japanese Studies
The United States went to war with Japan in an all-round way and found that the Japanese army was very different from itself. In the war with any other powerful enemy, it has never been necessary to consider such a completely different way of behavior and thinking. Just like Russia before us (1905), Japan, which we fought against, is a well-trained country, with all the people serving as soldiers, which does not belong to European cultural traditions. For the Japanese, those war practices that are accepted by western countries and conform to actual human nature obviously do not exist. This makes the war between the United States and Japan in the Pacific not only a series of island beach landings, but also an insurmountable logistics supply problem. We must understand their behavior and deal with them.
It's hard. It has been 75 years since Japan's closed door was opened. During this period, people used words such as "but" and "ye" to describe the Japanese. When these words are used to describe any other country, they will look ridiculous. A serious observer, when describing other nations other than the Japanese nation, will not add the following sentence after saying that they are more polite than ever, "but they are also arrogant and bossy." When he said that people in a certain country are extremely stubborn in dealing with people, he would not add the following sentence: "But they are willing to adjust themselves to extreme innovation." When he said that a nation was docile, he didn't explain it at the same time, but they refused to obey the control of their superiors. When he says they are loyal and generous, he doesn't claim, "but they also have betrayal and resentment." When he said that they were born brave, he would not count his deep timidity. When he says they don't consider other people's opinions, he won't go on to say that they are really broad-minded. When he describes how their army is like a machine, he won't continue to describe how soldiers in that army refuse to help or even resist their superiors like horses. When he described how a country enthusiastically devoted itself to western learning. He won't exaggerate their fanatical conservatism. When he wrote a book on the universal aesthetic worship in a country, giving actors and artists high honors, people were willing to spend time and energy on chrysanthemum cultivation techniques; On the whole, he won't write another book, adding that that nation also worships knives and dedicated its highest prestige to other warriors.
The topic of Japanese culture is the theme of PPT. Historically, during the period of 1000 years, the Japanese absorbed a great deal of China's Datang culture. 1868 The Tokugawa regime collapsed, and after the Meiji Restoration began, Japan entered a "civilized" period. During this period, the Japanese introduced western civilization according to the method of 1 1 century ago, and made great achievements, which laid the foundation for building a modern country. The formation and development of any culture are influenced by many factors. History at home and abroad, as well as Buddhism, Confucianism and even Christianity have all played a role in Japanese culture. Japan is changing, but it has never really broken away from its oldest local cultural roots.
This situation can be seen from many phenomena in Japanese society. Now TV, air conditioning, cars, computers, going abroad for holidays, etc. It has penetrated deeply into ordinary families in Japan, and the surface of Japanese life has changed beyond recognition. Nevertheless, behind the curtain of modernization, there are still many things belonging to Japanese native culture. From a deep analysis, Japan is still a traditional country. For example, they like to eat raw and cold food and advocate the original flavor; Like plain color and natural taste; Strong family power, family consciousness and group consciousness; Folk beliefs and witchcraft prevail; Women's meekness and dependence on men; Want to get rich, can get rich, but after getting rich, I am at a loss; Wait a minute.
This contradiction and unity are manifested in the input and output of culture.
Japan is a nation that attaches great importance to and is very good at absorbing and introducing other cultures. From the "large-scale innovation" in the 7th century to the "Meiji Restoration" in19th century, it greatly promoted the development and progress of Japan. Comparatively speaking, China is not very good at absorbing the cultures of other countries and nationalities in history. It is an advantage to have a long history and a vast territory, but if we only pay attention to output but not to input, and do not pay attention to absorbing nutrition from the cultures of other countries and nations and constantly developing ourselves, then this advantage will also go to the opposite side.
With the rapid growth of Japan's economy, Japan's awareness of promoting its own culture abroad has become stronger and stronger, and it has put forward a strategic slogan, which is what former Japanese Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhiro called "internationalization". In this regard, the Japanese government has invested a lot of money. According to a statistic in the 1990s, the annual budget of overseas cultural exchange projects sponsored by Japanese official institutions, such as inviting or sending scholars, overseas students and carrying out large-scale cultural activities, is 654.38 billion yen. The International Exchange Fund under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan mainly encourages and subsidizes projects related to Japan, such as Japanese overseas education, research, translation and publication of Japanese cultural and literary works, or cultural activities related to this. The government has invested heavily in promoting its own culture and achieved remarkable results. These measures are closely related to the world-famous tea ceremony and flower path in Japan and the high-quality translation of Japanese literary works in many languages.
Another aspect of contradictory unity is the old official culture and folk culture in Japan.
In ancient Japan, no matter how much the government emphasized foreign culture, folk culture remained largely reserved. For example, in Heian period (794- 1 185), when the culture of the Tang Dynasty was strongly advocated, all Japanese literati men wrote in Chinese, while women did not, and as a result, they became pioneers of Japanese native literature.
In a long historical period, people can do whatever they want within the boundaries of many fields allowed and controlled by the government. There, actors dressed as women, male prostitutes, prostitutes and woodcut artists can please God. The urban folk culture in the Edo period, especially in the more prosperous17th century, is inextricably linked with this narrow world of enjoyment. Many writers, musicians, actors and painters are in and out of this "lewd world" which is despised by the government but deeply loved by the people. Violent entertainment and absurd pornography are still important means for people to vent their feelings under the strict control of the government. No matter how the times change, the fundamental change of this culture is very small, and the importance of this phenomenon cannot be underestimated.
Finally, the unity of this contradiction is manifested in the elegance and vulgarity of sex.
It should be considered that, on the whole, the Japanese nation is an elegant nation. In daily life, the Japanese are "gentle, docile, polite and gentle". They use "gentle human feelings" to express themselves, not "dry and blunt theoretical thoughts" Compared with most other ethnic groups, the Japanese are more bound by feelings. For example, when two people argue, westerners often say angrily, "don't you understand what I mean?" If he were Japanese, he would hide his anger and unhappiness under a polite mask and say, "Don't you understand my feelings?" Generally speaking, the Japanese are more tolerant and often maintain superficial harmony in different ways. Conflicts are always covered by the veil of gentleness and politeness.
This cultural phenomenon is of course manifested in all aspects of social life, as well as in the sexual problems of men and women. In the process of sexual intercourse between men and women in Japan, even prostitutes, people pay attention to rules and etiquette, and cover up the most vulgar sexual behavior with an elegant coat, otherwise they are afraid of being looked down upon by others, and most Japanese are very proud. In this respect, it seems that there are many similarities with the "gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and forbearance" advocated by the ancients in China, but the difference is that the Japanese pay more attention to forming this attitude into an external etiquette, and it also has a rough and violent side, which forms a sharp contrast.
How to do the first-class ppt in Japan? Japan's better ppt practices are as follows:
1. Determine the theme and structure.
Before making PPT of travel guide, we must first determine the theme and structure. The theme of Japanese tour guides can be "Tokyo Tour", "Kyoto Cultural Tour" and "Hokkaido Highway Tour", and the structure can be determined according to the theme, such as scenic spots introduction, traffic routes and food recommendation.
Collect materials
Collecting materials is the basis of making PPT. You can search related pictures, videos, texts and other materials from the Internet, or you can take photos and videos yourself. The collected materials should be arranged according to the theme and structure to facilitate subsequent production and editing.
3. Choose a template and font
The template and font of PPT are also important factors in making PPT. Choose a template suitable for the theme and structure, and the appropriate font can make PPT more beautiful and attractive. At the same time, choose the appropriate font and font size to make the text clearer and easier to read.
4. Design layout and style
When doing PPT, layout and style also need attention. You can combine pictures and words to design beautiful layouts and styles. At the same time, we should pay attention to color matching and font style to maintain the unity of the overall style.
5. Add animation and music
In order to make PPT more vivid and interesting, you can add some animation effects and music. For example, the gradual change of the picture, the dancing of words and other animation effects, as well as background music, can make PPT more vivid and interesting.
Many factors need to be considered in making a beautiful PPT for travel guides, including theme and structure, material collection, template and font selection, layout and style design, animation and music addition, etc. Only by comprehensively considering these factors can we make a satisfactory PPT of travel strategy.