1. Large scale
The emperor can take advantage of his political privilege and strong financial resources in the economy to occupy a large area of land to build gardens for his own enjoyment, so its scale is far from that of private gardens. . Obviously, the scale of royal gardens is beyond the reach of temple gardens and private gardens. And its scale is basically inversely proportional to the backward continuation of history. The number and scale of royal gardens also reflect the rise and fall of a dynasty's national strength to some extent.
2. Free choice of garden site
Royal gardens can not only enclose the original mountains and lakes, such as the summer resort in the Qing Dynasty, but also the mountains in the northwest are natural mountains and the lake scenery in the southeast is transformed from natural lakes. It can also be superimposed and cut, just like natural mountains, rivers and seas, such as Genyue in the Song Dynasty and Qingyi Garden in the Qing Dynasty (the northern mountain scenery is artificially superimposed). In short, any area that the royal family likes can be built into a royal garden.
3. Gorgeous architecture
The rich financial resources in the hands of the royal family have increased the weight of buildings in the garden, highlighted the factors of architectural beauty, and are the most important means to reflect the royal style, thus pushing the aesthetic value of garden buildings to an unparalleled height and elegant posture; As far as its color is concerned, it is resplendent and magnificent, which fully embodies the rich gorgeous and noble court color.
4. The strong symbolic significance of imperial power
In ancient times, all the palaces, temples and tombs directly related to the emperor used their layout and images to embody the concept of the supremacy of imperial power. As one of the important buildings, the Royal Garden is no exception. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods of Qing Dynasty, the expansion of imperial power reached an unprecedented level in China feudal society, which was fully reflected in the royal gardens built at that time and the symbolic significance of imperial power.
5. Fully absorb the poetry of Jiangnan gardens.
Northern gardens imitated Jiangnan and appeared as early as the middle of Ming Dynasty. In the area of Haidian Town in the northwest suburb of Beijing, there are many lakes and springs, where bureaucrats and nobles buy land for gardening, and many of them consciously imitate the garden style of Jiangnan water town. This trend naturally influenced the royal gardening. They combined the gardening arts of North and South, royal and folk, which made their gardening skills reach an unprecedented breadth and depth.
A survey of traditional garden art in China
China traditional gardens are an important part of China traditional culture. As a carrier, it not only objectively and truly reflects the different historical background, the rise and fall of social economy and the level of engineering technology in China, but also vividly reflects the evolution of China people's outlook on nature, life and world, and contains philosophical or religious thoughts such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as well as the influence of traditional arts such as landscape poems and paintings. It embodies the diligence and wisdom of China intellectuals and skilled craftsmen. Moreover, compared with western garden art, it highlights the yearning and love of the Chinese nation for nature and a beautiful living environment. 1990 Mount Tai, a scenic spot in China, was listed in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List by UNESCO. Since 1994, China chengde mountain resort, Beijing Summer Palace, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa have been listed on the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO successively, becoming the cultural wealth of all mankind. This further shows that the traditional gardens in China have convincing artistic strength and irreplaceable uniqueness. It is unique in the world cultural forest and has a long history.
In ancient China mythology, the Yaochi where the Queen Mother of the West lived and the Hanging Garden where the Yellow Emperor lived were both described as beautiful gardens. Green mountains and green waters are the living environment that people dream of. According to China's ancient records, in the late Yin and Zhou Dynasties of slavery in China, a royal garden-Garden-appeared in Fiona Fang, which was the embryonic form of the traditional garden in China. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, by arranging a large number of temples in the natural landscape environment, a more magnificent landscape palace with an area of hundreds of miles was formed. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, cowardice and Buddhism and Taoism led to the emergence of a garden-like temple-Temple Garden. At this time, simple landscape poems and landscape paintings promoted the development of literati gardens. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the level of landscape poetry and landscape painting reached its peak, so the freehand landscape garden came into being. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of freehand brushwork landscape garden reached its climax, and the gardening art became more mature and perfect. At this time, both emperors and princes, as well as literati and officialdom, are pursuing more real life experience in the garden and placing more aesthetic feelings and social ideas. This makes China gardens have strong symbolic features. This symbolic feature is first manifested in the naming of gardens and scenic spots in gardens. The name of China Garden is not directly related to the name of the owner, but more related to the personality ideal of the owner. The predecessor of the Summer Palace in Beijing was called Qingyuan. After the reconstruction of 1886, the Western Empress Dowager took care of herself and changed her name. The queen who once listened to politics hoped that the world would be peaceful and that she could "support her life". The name of Wuxi Jichang Garden expresses that its owner wants to live freely. There are more than one "Grand View Building" and "Grand View Garden" in China's literary works, which shows that people who visit and live here should be open-minded and philosophical. According to historical records, there is a garden called "Bowang Garden" in Shanglinyuan, a famous royal garden in Han Dynasty, which means to climb high and look far, be close to nature and nourish and sublimate people's spirit. According to experts' research, as early as the 6th century, China's traditional garden art spread to Korea and Japan, where it took root, blossomed and bore fruit. /kloc-In the 0/8th century, China's traditional garden art spread to Europe, which had a great influence on the popular and formal gardens in Britain and France at that time. For a time, imitating China's natural gardens became a fashion in Europe. At the same time, European painters and missionaries were invited to create a batch of western-style buildings with Rococo style and China national culture in Yuanmingyuan, China, which opened the cooperation between Chinese and western gardens. The highest realm of China's traditional gardening art is that although it is artificial, it is natural. This is actually the embodiment of the idea of harmony between man and nature in China traditional culture in gardens. Specifically, the extensive and profound traditional gardens in China are built according to the following principles:
1, landscape architecture. Because of the vast territory and beautiful mountains and rivers in China, the people of China have a special affinity for nature since ancient times, especially the living environment surrounded by mountains and rivers. In feng shui theory, mountains and water are considered to be a combination of yin and yang. Confucius once pointed out: "the benevolent Leshan, the wise happy water;" So as to combine the landscape with the humanistic characteristics. China's unique geographical conditions and cultural background have had an important impact on China's gardening. No wonder people in China are so keen on building gardens in natural landscapes or framing natural landscapes in urban gardens.
2. Simulate a fairyland. As early as 2000 years ago, Qin Shihuang sent people to Penglai, the abbot and Yingzhou, the legendary Sanxian Mountain in the East China Sea, and tried several times to get the medicine of immortality, but all failed. Therefore, he built Penglai Mountain in his Lanchi Palace, imitating fairyland, to express his strong desire for eternal life. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty inherited and promoted this tradition. Penglai, abbot and Yingzhou Sanxian Mountain were built in Zhangjian Palace in Shanglinyuan. Since then, the tradition of one pool and three mountains has been created.
3. move the sky and shrink the ground. An important feature of China tradition is to express infinite connotation in a limited space. In Song Dynasty, Liang Yue in Song Huizong was once praised as a beauty all over the world, and it is best to hide the past from the present. However, Kyushu Qing in the Yuanmingyuan in the Qing Dynasty condensed the layout of China into a small landscape unit to reflect the idea of "no land under heaven". Wen Zhenheng, a gardener in the Ming Dynasty, also emphasized the gardening idea that "one peak is too beautiful to be sought after, and one spoon is Wan Li in the Jianghu".
4. Poetry. The landscape poems and landscape paintings in China's traditional culture profoundly express people's attachment to the landscape, the pursuit of detachment and the idea of living in harmony with nature. Therefore, the artistic conception of landscape poetry and landscape painting has become one of the goals of China traditional garden creation. Xie Lingyun, a scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, pursued "the beauty of water, stone, forest and bamboo, the beauty of rock, elegance and leisure" in his manor construction, while Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, devoted himself to the artistic conception of "looking at mountains, listening to springs, listening to bamboo trees and listening to marble". In the garden, this kind of poetry is especially manifested in the way that the threshold is connected with the forehead or carved stones, which plays a finishing role. Calligraphy art has also formed an indissoluble bond with gardens and has become an indispensable part of gardens.
5. Unique form. The layout of traditional gardens in China does not seem to emphasize the obvious symmetry axis, but actually shows exquisite sense of balance and strong sense of overall confusion. One of the important reasons why traditional gardens in China are different from those in foreign countries is that the overall form is different. In this natural garden, a series of unexpected garden spaces interwoven with people's emotions and dreams have been formed by imitating the water potential of natural mountains, eternal and peculiar architectural shapes and structures, colorful flowers and trees, and winding garden roads.
6. Excellent gardening skills. In the gardening activities of ancient gardeners in China, the first job is to look at the landscape, that is, to analyze the favorable and unfavorable factors inside and outside the garden site with the theory of geomantic omen; Then on this basis, conception, the so-called conception, determines the theme and content to be expressed, and becomes a scene because of the situation. The next step is to use the methods of cherishing the landscape, blocking the landscape, facing the landscape and framing the landscape to reasonably arrange and organize the spatial order with four elements of gardening, and finally carefully scrutinize the details. At this time, landscape designers should skillfully deal with a series of specific problems, such as the change of mountain shape, trend, slope, convexity and concavity, the location of main and secondary peaks, the size, shape and combination of pools, the use of islands and bridges, the modeling and combination of building units and groups, the types and planting methods of garden plants, the direction and materials of garden roads, and so on. In fact, in addition to drawing design, landscape architects in ancient China spent more time guiding construction at the construction site, thus ensuring the realization of design intent and facilitating improvisation. China Ji Cheng, a master gardener in Ming Dynasty (1582-? ) There is a book "Gardening and Metallurgy", which brilliantly discusses the important gardening techniques of traditional gardens in China. This is China's first monograph on horticulture, which is of great significance across the times and connecting the past with the future. The aesthetic feeling of traditional gardens in China is diverse and multi-layered. For example, the whole park is divided into several scenic spots, each with its own characteristics and interrelated. Often through leaking windows, doorways, bamboo forests, rockeries and other means, to maintain an intermittent relationship, become mutual borrowing scenery, and pave the way for the transformation of scenic spots during the tour. There are often pots of bonsai and flower beds in various scenic spots, witnessing the vicissitudes of history, the desolation of the world and the tenacity of life. Of course, a good garden has a good name; There should be several beautiful couplets handed down from generation to generation. Coward scholars have always paid attention to "small words but great righteousness", and good names can be meaningful and inexhaustible. For example, in Suzhou Wangshi Garden, the so-called "net stone" is another name for a fisherman, while the fisherman in ancient China culture has the meaning of seclusion in the mountains and an outstanding politician. Living together, lyrical about the scenery, let the scenery in front of you and the feelings in your heart blend together, and the garden is more powerful.