1. Translation and reading comprehension of the full text of "History of Ming Dynasty: Biography of Liu Zongzhou" in classical Chinese

Liu Zongzhou, whose courtesy name was Qidong, was from Shanyin. His father Liu Po ??was a child. His father died when his mother Zhang was five months pregnant with him. After Zong Zhou was born, his family was extremely poor, so Zhang took him to his maternal grandfather's house to raise him. Later, because Zong Zhou's grandfather was old and sick, he went back to serve him, carrying water, cutting firewood, and cooking medicine and porridge. However, Zongzhou was weak, and his mother often worried about him and couldn't let go. She eventually fell ill, and because the family was poor, she could not bear to receive treatment. In the twenty-ninth year of Wanli (1601), Zong Zhou passed the Jinshi examination, but his mother died at home. Zong Zhou came home from the funeral and built a mourning white mud house outside the middle gate, where he cried for his mother every day. After taking off his mourning clothes, the court appointed him as a traveler, and Zong Zhou asked to go home to support his grandparents. After his grandparents passed away, it took seven years before Zong Zhou went to Beijing to be a candidate. His mother was famous in the court for her chastity.

At that time, there were Kundang and Xuandang in the court who were against Donglin. Zongzhou wrote: "Donglin is where Gu Xiancheng lectures. Gao Panlong, Liu Yongcheng, Jiang Shichang, and Liu Yuanzhen are all sages. Yu Yuli and Ding Yuanjian are innocent, consistent in what they say, and have the bearing of national scholars. Those ministers criticized them. It's OK to have character, but it's not allowed to argue about the merits of opinions; it's OK to attack Donglin, but it's not allowed to favor the Kundang Party and promote the Party." The party members made such a fuss that Zong Zhou had to take leave and go back to his hometown. 2. History of the Ming Dynasty·Biography 82nd Biography of Sun Yat-sen original text and translation

Translation Sun Piyang, courtesy name Shuxiao, was born in Fuping.

He was a Jinshi in the 35th year of Jiajing reign (1556). He was awarded the rank of Xingren and was promoted to the title of Censor. He successively served as patrol inspector in the suburbs of Beijing, Huaihe, and Yangzhou, and corrected mistakes vigorously and resolutely.

During the Longqing period, he was promoted to Dali Cheng. Because Gao Gong had been impeached, Gao Gong's protégé was framed by Cheng Wen and impeached Sun Piyang. He was dismissed from office pending review.

After Gao Gong was dismissed, the matter was clarified, and he was reinstated. In the first year of Wanli (1573), he was promoted to censor of Youqiandu and governor of various prefectures in Baoding.

Because of the strict governance, all the officials were worried. During the inspection of the passes, more than 300 watchtowers were added and a border wall of more than 10,000 feet was built.

In terms of merit, he has successively served as the right deputy censor. The eunuch Feng Bao's home was in the capital. Zhang Juzheng ordered to build a residence for him, but Sun Piyang refused.

Knowing that Feng and Zhang would be angry, in the spring of the fifth year of Wanli, he claimed to be ill and returned to his hometown. That winter, during the assessment of Beijing officials, the officials catered to Zhang Juzheng and impeached him.

When the imperial edict ordered him to take up an official position, he was transferred to Nanjing to serve. The censor who patrolled Shaanxi knew that Feng Bao and others were dissatisfied, so he secretly signaled the prefect of Xi'an to accuse him.

The prefect sent a junior official to reply to the censor, but unexpectedly the junior official was eaten by a tiger. He waited until Zhang Juzheng was dead before he could reply. He served as the Yin of Yingtian Prefecture.

He was appointed as the minister of Dali Temple and was promoted to the right minister of the household department. In the fifteenth year of Wanli (1587), a great famine occurred in Hebei.

People in Sun Piyang’s hometown and neighboring counties Pucheng and Tongguan quarried stones for food. Sun Piyang was very sad and sent a few liters of stones to the emperor, taking advantage of the situation to advise: "Now the whole country is trapped in Jiapai, and the people who eat stone powder are not the only ones who are poor.

Taxes should be relaxed, expenditures should be relaxed, and extra taxes should be eliminated. Conscription and other non-urgent matters harmed the government but benefited the people and cultivated the lives of the people." Shenzong was moved by his words, and some of them were dismissed.

Soon after, he was promoted from Zuo Shilang to Yushi of Youdu in Nanjing. He returned home after claiming illness, and was recalled and appointed as Minister of the Ministry of Punishment. Sun Piyang believed that there were too many prisoners in the prison because of the constraints on the delivery of official documents.

It is proposed to set up books in the Ministry of Punishment and Dali Temple. All prison cases are reported to the Ministry of Punishment, and the details are reported to Dali Temple the next day. After approval by Dali Temple, they are reported to the Ministry of Punishment the next day. From then on, prisoners will not have long-term Imprisoned. Soon he reported: "The five-year criminal pension has just ended. I'm afraid there are unjust prisoners who have no place to complain.

Please order the governors and procurators across the country to inspect the prefectures and counties during the warm spring weather to examine the prisoners. , The prosecutor will examine the prisoners in the provincial capital. Those who are suspected of capital crimes and those who can be pardoned under exile will be sent to the court by the prosecutor. It is hoped that those with minor crimes will be sent away immediately. Serious people still await the decision of the Ministry of Punishment, every year." Shenzong replied in agreement. After that, he stated thirty-two things to reduce the punishment one by one.

The emperor praised him and issued excellent edicts and commendations. From then on, the number of prison sentences was greatly reduced. A minor minister in the palace killed someone and fled to the palace.

Sun Piyang petitioned for arrest, and he was finally sent to the border. Later, he was appointed as the censor of Zuodu. He stated three regulations, requesting special management of seals, attaching great importance to inspections, and long-term patrols of the city, which were made into orders.

Then, he also said: "Only the county and county officials can solve the sufferings of the people in the countryside. Only the Fu'an Supervision Bureau can clean up the officials in the county. Only the ministry can rectify the corruption of the Fu'an Supervision Bureau."

Requesting the establishment of a treaty to be promulgated throughout the country, to reward integrity and suppress corruption, and to follow the official motto. "It is feasible for Shenzong to issue an excellent edict.

In the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), he served as Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. Sun Piyang was upright and unyielding, and the officials did not dare to show favoritism. They were only worried about the visits of distinguished eunuchs.

So he created a lottery method to select specially selected officials, leaving them all to draw lots on their own. The entrustment could not be carried out. For a time, the people who selected him praised him for being selfless, and the selection of officials changed drastically from then on. In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), officials outside the capital were comprehensively assessed.

Shen Tie, the prefect of Jiujiang, once served as the governor of Hengzhou and exposed the crimes of governor Qin Yao. When Ma Youlong, the governor of Jiangxi Province, was the head of the Ministry of Punishments, he judged the censor Zhu Dazhou for accepting bribes and protected Zhu's people. hatred. The meritorious official Jiang Shixin dismissed him, but Sun Piyang didn't notice.

When Jiang Shixin was impeached by Zhao Wenbing, Sun Piyang tried his best to defend him. This was said to be Ding Culu's fault, and Ding Culu was arrested.

Sun Piyang also strongly criticized Shen Shen Xiao, so Shen Shen Xiao and Yue Yuansheng, a member of the imperial court, successively attacked Sun Piyang. Sun Piyang strongly begged to leave.

In the winter of that year, Shenzong demoted more than 30 famous officials in the two capitals because of military and political affairs. Sun Piyang was still on vacation, so he and Jiu Qing tried their best to dissuade him, but Shenzong did not accept it.

Soon after, Shenzong, who was disgusted with the great scholar Chen Yubi, came to the rescue and demoted all the officials to the border. Sun Piyang and others also submitted remonstrances, which made Shenzong even more angry and removed them all.

At first, although Shenzong wanted to appoint Sun Piyang, he did not trust him very much. There were recommendations, and the candidate listed in second place was accepted.

Those who have repeatedly requested to be dismissed from office have all given up. Sun Piyang had already planned to leave because he was frustrated, so he stayed behind closed doors for half a year.

Three times, there was no reply. In April, Shenzong issued Wen's edict to encourage and persuade him to stay, and he started to work again.

The person in charge, Zhao Xueshi, was the younger brother of the great scholar Zhao Zhigao. He was facing demotion due to committing a crime, and Tang Boyuan, the literary selector, designated him as the general magistrate of Raozhou. Not long after, Zhao Xueshi was attacked again because of the previous incident. He was in favor of Liu Daoheng's impeachment of the official department, and his words offended Sun Piyang.

Dr. Zhou Xianchen’s statement also offended him. Sun Piyang suspected that Liu Daoheng was under the instigation of his colleague Zhou Kongjiao. Zhou Xianchen was even more suspicious because he was a fellow disciple of Zhou Kongjiao. He petitioned for retirement many times.

Finally, he wrote to Zhang Wei, a bachelor, begging him to draft an edict and agree to let him return to his hometown. Zhang Wei did as he was told.

Sun Piyang heard about it and was very angry. He said that Zhang Wei was squeezing him out. Shenzong received the memorial and believed that Sun Piyang was not upright.

Zhang Wei also submitted a defense petition and asked to resign. Shenzong issued an edict to comfort and retain Zhang Wei, and Zhang Wei's colleagues Chen Yubi and Shen Yiguan also defended Zhang Wei. Sun Piyang was scolded again and allowed to leave by post train.

A long time later, he was appointed as the Minister of Civil Affairs in Nanjing, but he refused to take up the post. When Li Dai, the Minister of Civil Affairs, was dismissed, Shenzong was worried about his replacement and put Yang Shiqiao in charge.

Yang Shiqiao requested many times to select a minister. Shenzong finally missed Sun Piyang's integrity and integrity, so he called him to his original position in September of the thirty-sixth year of Wanli (1608).

He repeatedly declined, but Shenzong disagreed. He did not enter Beijing until April of the following year. He was already seventy-eight years old.

Thirty-eight years of assessment of the capital.