1 colonization
The planting time of Myrica rubra is generally from late February to mid-March, when the temperature has started to warm up. It is best to choose cloudy or rainy days, when the survival rate of a single plant is high. Variety selection should be based on different regions, and the early, middle and late maturing varieties should be reasonably matched. Water chestnut and Myrica rubra are suitable for planting in Xishan, Suzhou. Select high-quality Suzhou Xishan Myrica rubra grafted seedlings with strong roots and no pests and diseases, fill the dug pit with decomposed manure 10- 15 kg and burnt mud ash 5- 10 kg, plant lightly, and then cultivate small soil beds around the plants, and cover the soil in time to avoid root exposure. Myrica rubra in Suzhou Xishan is dioecious, so 1-2% male plants should be planted for pollination.
2 Fertilizer and water management
In order to improve soil fertility, lettuce, medicine or green manure can be planted in woodland for one year. Young trees are mainly quick-acting fertilizers, combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and are fertilized 2-3 times a year. Adult trees are topdressed twice a year. For the first time, before germination in late winter and early spring, farm manure or calcium superphosphate 1-2 kg was applied to the roots one by one. Or potassium sulfate 1 kg with 0.2 kg urea per plant, or 0.25 kg urea with burnt putty 15-20 kg. Cover the soil after application. The second time is after fruit picking, accounting for 50-55% of the annual fertilization. According to the principle of multi-bearing and multi-fertilization, ditches of 10-20cm were dug one by one under the crown drip line, and 0.5- 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.3-0.5kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, 30-50kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer were applied to cover the soil. The fleshy roots of Myrica rubra in Suzhou Xishan are easy to be damaged, so it is necessary to avoid damaging the roots when ditching and digging holes. You can also apply foliar fertilizer at the fruit development stage and spray 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3% potassium sulfate 1-2 times. In addition, soil improvement and waterlogging control should be done well to ensure high quality and high yield of Myrica rubra in Suzhou Xishan.
3 plastic pruning
Yangmei has a natural round head shape. The pruning of young trees is mainly to fix the trunk shape and cultivate early-bearing and high-yield trees. Generally, the natural happy crown of "one stem and three main branches" is adopted. That is, 3-4 branches with vigorous growth, uniform azimuth distribution and a certain distance of about 20-30 cm are selected as main branches for new shoots to sprout after the stem is fixed, and 2-3 auxiliary main branches or side branches are selected on each main branch, so that the distribution is reasonable and the layers are clear, and the crown skeleton is basically formed within 3-5 years. Pruning of adult trees is mainly to cultivate high-yield population structure, adjust the relationship between growth and fruit, and promote sustained, high-quality and high-yield growth. Plastic pruning is divided into summer pruning, pinch pruning, torsion pruning, bud wiping, branch pulling, branch taking, carving and peeling, winter pruning, shrinkage pruning and short pruning.
4 pest control
Myrica rubra has strong resistance to stress, and pests and diseases rarely occur. However, due to the large-scale seedling replacement caused by the change of ecological environment, it is also necessary to observe and comprehensively control pests and diseases according to local conditions. The main pests are white moth, leaf roller moth and bag moth. The main diseases are brown spot disease, red coat disease and cancer disease. Prevention and control methods. Strengthen cultivation management and strengthen tree potential; Cut off diseased branches and dead branches in time; Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, remove deciduous weeds and focus on burning.
Cultivation and management techniques of Myrica rubra
First, variety selection
When selecting varieties, the early, middle and late maturity varieties should be planted together: the early maturity variety can be Ding 'ao plum, the middle maturity variety in Shui Mei, and the water chestnut variety? Late-maturing varieties can choose Dongkui and Tan Mei, which began to mature in the first half of May.
Second, the garden choice
First of all, altitude conditions
According to Shiping's planting experience, Myrica rubra seedlings should be planted in the gentle slope mountain with altitude of 1300- 1800 meters.
Second, the temperature conditions.
The optimum annual average temperature for the growth of Myrica rubra seedlings is 15-2 1? : Absolute minimum temperature -9? The monthly average maximum temperature does not exceed 28? .
Third, rainfall and humidity.
The annual rainfall required for the growth of Myrica rubra seedlings is about 65,438+0,000 mm, and the annual average relative humidity is above 70%.
Fourth, soil conditions.
Myrica rubra seedlings are suitable for growing in soft sandy red soil and gravel-rich yellow soil with good drainage. The PH value of the soil is between 4.5 and 5.5: Dryopteris, Rhododendron, Pine, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Phyllostachys pubescens, Quercus acutissima and other plants grow on it. Planting practice has proved that Myrica rubra seedlings planted in Yanggangshi soil bear early fruits, mature early and taste sweet.
Fifth, slope direction and breeze
Myrica rubra seedlings should be planted on the hillside with convenient transportation and sufficient water. The requirements for slope direction are not strict: you can plant in any slope direction. Not suitable for planting in windy areas: because the wind is too strong, it will affect pollination, fertilization and yield, and trees are easily damaged by the wind.
Third, seedling planting.
First, preparation before planting
2 months before planting: digging planting holes: hole specifications; M× 1 m× 0.8 m, dry pond after digging holes 1 week: 30% manure or garbage manure is mixed in each hole. 50 kg or 5% decomposed cake fertilizer? 6 kg plus 1 kg calcium superphosphate as base fertilizer: covered with soil for planting.
Second, the planting time
Most plants are planted in winter and spring: bare-rooted seedlings are planted in late February of 1 to early October of1;it is appropriate to choose windless and cloudy days. Bag seedlings can be planted all year round as long as there is water supply guarantee.
Third, planting density.
It depends on climate, soil fertility, soil thickness and variety characteristics. The row spacing of plants can be 4m× 4m, 4m× 5m, 3m× 5m, etc. : 33? 40 plants: Dongkui should be rare: other varieties can be planted closely.
Fourth, planting technology.
Pruning is too long, splitting the root system: leave 25? Cut it 30 cm short and remove some leaves. In dry years, all leaves should be removed. When planting, the roots should be stretched: fertilizer should not be touched: fine soil should be covered and compacted, and the height of soil can be raised above the marriage interface 10? 15cm: root watering: cover the tree with plastic film within 1m: pay attention to watering the newly planted saplings in the future. ; Five, male plant configuration ~ New area without wild Myrica rubra seedlings: should match 1? 2% male plants: improve the pollination rate and seed setting rate of Myrica rubra seedlings: the position of male plants should be determined according to the terrain and wind direction.
Fourth, post-planting management.
I. Soil management
1, Xiaoshu
Is the diameter of the tree disc 1 m? Clear shrubs and weeds within the range of 1.5m: 1 year shallow turning, 2? 3 times: pay attention to watering in winter and spring; Pay attention to drainage in summer and autumn.
2. Adult trees
Flat garden uses "clear tillage method": combine autumn fertilizer to improve soil in September: remove weeds under the crown before picking fruits. It is appropriate to adopt the "natural grass planting method" on the sloping land ~ After removing the miscellaneous shrubs and perennial herbs in winter, let them grow naturally. Millet: only cut the grass under the crown before harvesting.
3. Enlarge holes and cultivate soil
From the second year after planting: July-August every year: expand the hole outward in combination with fertilization: at the same time, apply manure or soil miscellaneous fertilizer in the hole until the whole garden is ploughed. Turn over the soil in autumn and winter in adult garden: cultivate the soil every other year or every year to thicken the root soil layer.
Step 4 mix cropping
Low-stalk crops such as leaves, fruits, vegetables and medicinal materials can be planted in the gap between rows: climbing plants such as melons and potatoes are prohibited. Can you also interplant Indian cowpea: black cowpea: Indonesian mung bean and other summer green manure? You can also interplant winter green manure such as Osmunda japonica to improve the soil.
Second, fertilization management
1, base fertilizer ~ Apply base fertilizer from July to August: use decomposed manure, compost or cake fertilizer. Applying cake fertilizer to young trees 1? 3 kg: manure applied to the first fruit tree 15? 20kg plus plant ash 10kg? Apply 30 kg column fertilizer or 45 kg compost or 4 kg cake fertilizer to adult fruit trees? Five kilos.
2. Surface treatment
Annual trees can be fertilized without fertilizer or washed with manure several times after June;
Two-year-old trees can be applied urea 1 kg, 1.4 kg, 1.4 kg, calcium superphosphate 1.4 kg, 1.8 kg and 1.4 kg three times per mu in June and August.
Three-year-old trees can be applied with urea 1.6 kg, 2.6 kg and 1 kg, calcium superphosphate 1.4 kg, 2.3 kg and 1 kg, and potassium sulfate 1.5 kg, 2.4 kg and 0.5 kg respectively.
Four-year-old trees can be applied with urea 2.6 kg, 4.4 kg, 1.8 kg, calcium superphosphate 1.4 kg, 2.3 kg, 1 kg, and potassium sulfate 4.8 kg, 8 kg and 3.2 kg per mu three times in June, March and June.
Urea 13kg, 22kg, 9kg, calcium superphosphate 13kg, 33kg, 9kg, potassium sulfate 18kg, 30kg, 12kg per mu can be applied three times in June and June.
3. Fertilization method
Different fertilization methods should be adopted according to soil properties, fertilizer types, tree age, weather and various periods in the annual cycle. Common fertilization methods are as follows ~
1, ring groove casting
Suitable for young trees. Centered on the trunk of Myrica rubra, an annular ditch with a width of 1 30-40cm and a depth of 20-30cm is dug at the drip line of the tree crown, and it is fertilized, mixed with soil and covered with soil.
2, furrow fertilization method
Suitable for young trees and adult trees. Taking the crown as the center; Outside position of15-20cm under the projection of crown periphery; Dig several ditches with a width of 30-40 cm and a depth of 20-30 cm; Mixing fertilizer with soil and covering the soil; Change the direction of the ditch in the second year; Rotate the position of the ditch and move outward to achieve the purpose of digging deep, expanding holes and improving soil.
3, radial groove casting
Usually used to fertilize adult trees. Taking the trunk as the center: perpendicular to the tangent line around the crown: dig 4-6 radial ditches from the outside to the inside of the crown drip line: the ditches are 40-60cm long, 30-40cm wide and 20-30cm deep: after fertilization, cover the soil evenly. Change the position of radiation ditch in the following year: in order to realize comprehensive deep tillage and fertilization.
4. Acupoint application
Usually used to fertilize adult trees. Taking the trunk as the center: under the projection of the crown periphery: dig a number of holes with a depth of 20-30 cm and a diameter of 30-40 cm: cover the soil after fertilization.
4. Fertilize boron-deficient trees
Borax 50- 100g per plant: every 2? Re-apply after 3 years.
Third, water resources management.
Irrigation should be carried out in the flowering period of Myrica rubra seedlings in February, fruit expansion maturity in March-May and flower bud differentiation in June, and water should be properly controlled in August-65438+February.
Fourth, plastic trimming.
1, plastic surgery
1, naturally happy shape
In the first year ~ among 4-6 strong branches over 30cm, 3 branches are selected as main branches, the first branch is about 30cm from the ground, the distance between branches is 20-30cm, and the base angle of main branches is 45? -50? , waist angle 70? -80? , the vertex angle is less than 90? : Three main branches are scattered 120? . After three main branches, select some big branches: leave 1-2: cut off the rest: pull down the big branches: pull them to a bottom angle of 70? , the vertex angle is greater than 90? .
In the second year ~ the first main branch is selected 70 cm away from the main branch: the part with slightly downward side of the main branch is required: the growth potential is slightly weaker than that of the main branch and belongs to the main branch. Cut off the immature autumn shoots at the top of the extension branches of the main branch: and cut off the side branches on the main branch to make the length of the side branches of the main branch suitable.
In the third year ~ on the basis of the three main branches and the first auxiliary branch, choose the second auxiliary branch. The distance between the second main branch and the first main branch is about 60-70 cm: the side branches on the second main branch are cut short by about 30 cm.
In the fourth year, the main branch and auxiliary branch continue to extend: the third auxiliary branch is selected at a distance of about 50-60 cm from the second auxiliary branch; Side branches will continue to be arranged on the main branches and auxiliary branches. In this way, the life of backbone branches at all levels can be appropriately continuous for 5-6 years: the affiliation is obvious. 2, evacuation layered shape
In the first year ~ select 1 extension branch, 3 main branches and 2 auxiliary branches: delete the rest. Branchlets on the main branches and trunk should be kept as much as possible.
In the second year ~ continue to cultivate the trunk and main branches of the center. When planting the second layer of main branches, the distance from the first layer of main branches is about 100 cm. In the third year ~ continue to cultivate the second layer of main branches: allocate auxiliary main branches in time: the first layer of main branches is 80 cm away from the main branches: slightly downward on the main branch side: weaker than the main branches: subordinate to the main branches.
In the fourth year, the second branch of the first layer and the first branch of the second layer are cultivated. The second branch on the first floor is about 60 cm away from the first branch: the second branch can be shortened. The crown is generally divided into two layers. Number of main branches on the first floor: 2-3 auxiliary main branches on the second floor: 1 2-3 main branches on the second floor 1-2. prune
1, pruning time
The dormancy period is pruned from late June of the following year 10 to1early October 10. The growth period is trimmed to 4? Pruning can be carried out in September except the fruiting period, but it is best to prune in June after fruit picking.
2. Wang Shu
Use the strong to leave the weak: the weak tree is the opposite. The side branches that are too dense, crossed and far away from the main branches are thinned in time: keep the upper part of the crown ventilated and transparent. Prune the long branches in the dense parts of the branches and delete them completely: the empty parts can be cut short to cultivate the bearing branches. The long branches on the descending side branches and drooping branches can be used as regeneration branches, and the side branches on them can be retracted. Overdense branches, crossed branches and diseased branches should be cut off from the base.
3. The upper layer is strong and the lower layer is weak
The central trunk grows vigorously: it can be "changed" by removing the strong and leaving the weak: the curve of the central trunk rises. If there are too many thick branches in the upper part of the crown: can the strong branches be thinned out? Three: canopy "skylight" implementation: dense branches are deleted at the same time, strong branches are removed, weak branches are left, and branches are pruned.
4, the decline tree update pruning
The premature aging tree adopts "exchange update": 2? Take back the backbone branch in 3 years? Declining old trees: to be renewed at one time: all the trunk and main branches should be cut short to the place where new branches appear: the crown should be reshaped.
5, no results, less fruit tree transformation.
Adjust the crown structure: delete the big upright lateral branches on the upper part of the crown: open up a "light path". Remove the strong and leave the weak: remove the straight and leave the flat: remove the dense branches: cut more at the upper part of the crown: cut lightly at the middle and lower parts. Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, no nitrogen fertilizer or less nitrogen fertilizer: reduce phosphorus fertilizer and increase nitrogen fertilizer after fruiting. Late summer and early autumn: Open a 30cm deep ditch near the crown of drip line? 40 cm is used for root cutting. ; 6. Renovation of Dense Planting Garden
Crown overlap: insufficient light: a large number of internal branches and lower branches die: baldness: transplanting trees in the garden reduces production. Transplant tree 2 before transplanting? Retract the extension branches of the main branches first within 3 years: shrink the large side branches: keep the small side branches to continue to bear fruit; And make room to improve the lighting of permanent trees. Big branch 1.5m when transplanting? Short cut at 2.0 meters; And delete small side branches: transplanting with soil in early March. After survival, sparse branches: keep the extended branches to cultivate the crown.
Five, the size of the tree management
For the management of New Year's tree, some branches can be deleted in May 438+10, and some vegetative branches can be retracted, and the dead branches and weak branches of pests and diseases can be removed after fruit picking. Artificial fruit thinning in March? Spraying 0.3% urea and 0. 1% borax at the end of March or spraying Bao? Spraying 300 times 15% paclobutrazol at the end of August, pay attention to the prevention and control of brown spot and branch rot. Young tree management, 438+ 10/June can be sprayed with 300 times of 96% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time; 20PPM gibberellin can be sprayed once in flowering period; 0.3% urea and 0. 1% borax can be sprayed once every seven days; 20PPM gibberellin can be sprayed once in the middle of March after flowering; Attention should be paid to irrigation in spring drought.
Pest control with intransitive verbs
The main pests and diseases of Myrica rubra seedlings are brown spot, Fusarium wilt, root rot, cancer, fruit fly, geometrid, leaf curl moth and scale insect; Myrica rubra, cypress, oyster scales, scarab, gray weevil, etc.
1, Myrica rubra seedling brown spot ~ leaf damage: caused a lot of deciduous leaves. There are gray-black and black spots on the diseased leaves. Control method: 1, spraying 800 times solution of 80% Sheng Da wettable powder or 800 times solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder in late May and early July respectively. 1000 times liquid? 2. Spraying 1:2:200 Bordeaux solution and 70% thiophanate methyl 1000 times solution before and after fruit picking. 2. The damaged parts of Myrica rubra seedlings are mainly branches: the diseased parts of branches are banded concave spots. Covered with black spots: the lesion goes deep into xylem: the upper branches die. Prevention and treatment methods: 1, early scraping of diseased spots and application of antibacterial agent "402"? 2. Remove dead branches.
3. Control of Myrica rubra Drosophila ~ Myrica rubra Drosophila: Agricultural control: physical control and biological pesticide chemical control.
1, agricultural control ~ fruit fly maturity; In late April, straw, straw or other weeds were laid on the crown of drip line. Fruit removed every night. Reduce the host of fruit flies. Reduce the source of insects? After the fruit is harvested, clear the orchard in time, and bury all the fallen residual fruits and rotten fruits to prevent pupation from overwintering and reduce the base of insect sources.
2. Physical control ~ late April: brown sugar 100g, vinegar 18ml, and trichlorfon 2g are mixed into water solution: five pots are put: one acre is put 10 pot to trap and kill adults: the medicine is added every five days; the medicine is changed every 20 days or in case of heavy rain.
3, chemical control ~ Myrica rubra seedlings belong to skinless berries. Pesticide residues are not easy to remove. Therefore:
It is forbidden to use highly toxic pesticides during the fruit-bearing period of Myrica rubra seedlings: before the fruit matures; At the beginning of May 1.8% avermectin mu 15 ml: 50 kg water spray.
4. Myrica rubra scarab and gray elephant are harmful to new shoots and leaves. Control method: spray 50% phoxim 1000 times solution or 20% fenvalerate 2000-2500 times solution.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) ripens and gains.
The maturity and harvest time of Myrica rubra seedlings vary with varieties and producing areas: our county usually harvests from late April to mid-June. The maturity of the same fruit tree is different: it should be harvested in stages: once a day for a long time; At least once every other day: it should be harvested when it is mature; Pick it by hand: pick it gently; It should not be shot down or shaken. It should be sold a few days after harvest: long-distance sales must be treated coldly: quality is guaranteed.
In addition:
1. Planting method of Myrica rubra
When is the planting time of Myrica rubra?
3. What are the planting conditions of Myrica rubra?
4. What are the grafting techniques of Myrica rubra seedlings?
5. How to improve the survival rate of Myrica rubra seedlings
6. Myrica rubra cultivation techniques and pest control