Gardens should choose flat land with fertile soil and deep soil layer and gentle slope of the bottom mountain, which is free from water, soil and gas pollution; Terraces should be built for hillside farming, and the width of terraces is generally 3-4 meters. Planning should be done well when building the garden, and roads and water conservancy systems should be set up according to the specific scale.

The planting time of Yongquan tangerine is generally around March in spring. Virus-free seedlings should be selected for planting seedlings, with Fructus Aurantii as rootstock, and large seedlings should be advocated. It is suitable to plant 70- 1 10 plants per mu; Varieties can choose high-quality and high-yield varieties with strong resistance, easy planting and management, such as early-maturing Miyagawa, Ueno Zaosheng and extra-early-maturing Rinan 1, Dafan and so on.

Second, reasonable shaping and pruning.

After planting citrus, we should pay attention to tree management, do a good job in shaping and pruning citrus trees, cultivate low-stem, short-crown, high-quality and high-yield trees, ensure ventilation and light transmission, and achieve three-dimensional effect. Each tree is equipped with 3-4 main branches, each main branch is equipped with 2-3 auxiliary main branches, and the height of the tree is controlled within 2 meters. Citrus pruning can be carried out in spring and growing season.

Pruning in spring: before the citrus sprouts. Generally speaking, pruning in spring is mainly based on pruning large branches. When pruning, the redundant vertical main branches, auxiliary main branches and excessively dense or overlapping branches in the crown are sawed off first, and then the diseased branches and weak branches are cut off. According to the growth and fruit of the tree, a small amount of pruning is carried out by combining methods such as retraction, short cutting and thinning. After pruning, the wound after the big branch saw should be protected in time, leveled with a sharp knife, and coated with wound protectant to prevent stagnant water from becoming moldy and promote healing.

Pruning in growth period: that is, all pruning treatments in the whole growth period from spring shoot germination to fruit picking. The pruning method and degree are determined according to the age, tree vigor and fruit yield of the year, which can remove too many spring shoots or flowering mother branches, some branches with insufficient growth and serious flower and fruit drop, diseases and insect pests, disturbed branches and cross branches. Adjust the proportion of spring shoots to buds and young fruits to promote the balance between nutrition and reproductive growth;

Third, fertilizer and water management

1, rational fertilization

Fertilization of citrus should be based on the different demands for nutrients at different growth stages of citrus trees, as well as the variety (strain), tree order, tree potential, fruit yield, soil fertility and climatic conditions. The choice of fertilizer types should be considered from two aspects: pollution-free cultivation of citrus and planting of high-quality fruits (high-sugar fruits), and the principle of combining organic with inorganic, with organic fertilizer as the main and inorganic fertilizer as the auxiliary, so as to achieve reasonable formula fertilization. Adult fruit trees should control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and protect the trees in moderation. Generally, fertilizer is applied 2-3 times a year, and the annual application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 0.8:0.6:0.8.

Adopt the fertilization method of "seeing trees in spring, applying them in summer and weighing them after harvesting".

Pre-bud fertilizer (spring fertilizer): it should be applied before the spring buds germinate (from late February to early March), and the amount of fertilizer applied depends on the growth of trees. The main type of fertilizer is nitrogen fertilizer, combined with potassium phosphate fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer applied accounts for about 65,438+05-25% of the whole year.

Strong fruit fertilizer: it should be applied after physiological fruit drop 10- 15 days and before autumn shoots germinate. Early-maturing varieties and orange trees with many fruits and weak trees can be applied as early as mid-June. The type of fertilizer is mainly potassium fertilizer, combined with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer applied accounts for about 30-40% of the whole year.

Fruit-picking fertilizer: Fruit-picking fertilizer accounts for about 35%-45% of the total annual fertilization. Early-maturing varieties can be applied after harvest, and middle-late maturing varieties can be applied at harvest; The fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen and an appropriate amount of superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate. When there is drought in winter, water them or water them before fertilization. For trees with excessive fruits, foliar fertilizers such as 0.2%-0.3% urea or rare earth microelement fertilizer 1-2 times should be sprayed in combination with clearing the garden after harvest to promote tree vigor recovery and reduce defoliation.

2. Scientific water use: Water has a direct relationship and influence on the growth, flowering, fruiting, fruit quality and flower bud differentiation of citrus. In case of drought during the sprouting and flowering period of citrus spring shoots, fruit expansion period and post-harvest, irrigation or watering should be done in time, and the rainy season plain and Haitan low-lying citrus orchard should be dredged and drained in time to prevent waterlogging.

In order to produce high-quality citrus fruit with high sugar content, water control cultivation was carried out from late August to fruit maturity. Water control methods can be used, such as plastic film mulching, high border cultivation, protected field (greenhouse) cultivation and so on. The soil is moderately dry to improve the sugar content of citrus fruits.

Fourth, flower and fruit management.

1, shoot control and fruit protection: during the period from citrus flowering to young fruit development, for citrus trees with few flowers and many spring shoots, all or most of the vegetative branches of spring shoots in the middle and upper part of the crown are erased, and 3-5 leaves of spring shoots are left for coring;

During the germination of summer buds from June to July, 1-2 buds remained at the base of the buds, and two leaves continued to be cored to control vegetative growth. For trees with many flowers or weak tree vigor, branches should be thinned properly in bud stage to maintain moderate tree vigor. After the physiological fruit-dropping period is over, some fruits with abnormal growth, obvious pests and diseases, too small or poor development are thinned out, so as to reduce the contradiction between tips and fruits and improve the fruit-setting rate and quality.

2, root topdressing or plant growth regulator to protect fruit:

From the bud stage, foliar fertilizers such as 0.3%-0.5% urea or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed 2-3 times every10-/kloc-5 days (trace elements are added according to the lack of elements in the soil) to meet the nutrients needed for fruit development and play the role of protecting flowers and fruits.

3. Reasonable fruit thinning:

The fruit thinning time is after the first physiological fruit drop, that is, when the size of citrus fruit is clear, small fruit, diseased fruit, deformed fruit and dense weak fruit are thinned first; The second fruit thinning is carried out from late July to August after fruit setting. The leaf-fruit ratio of early-maturing satsuma mandarins is 25-30: 1, and the leaf-fruit ratio of mid-late-maturing satsuma mandarins is 20-25: 1, and the weak leaf-fruit ratio is moderately increased.

Five, the optimal control of pests and diseases

The main common pests and diseases are red spiders, scale insects, whiteflies, aphids, longicorn beetles, scab, Huanglongbing and so on.

Prevention and control should start with the orange orchard ecosystem, based on healthy cultivation, adhere to the policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management", check the insect situation in the field in the main season of pests and diseases, and focus on strengthening the prevention and control of pests and diseases that affect the appearance of fruits.

Pesticides or biological pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue should be selected for prevention and control, and the method of "grasping the middle at both ends" should be adopted. In spring and after harvest, chemical agents such as sulfur mixture, pine alkali mixture and engine oil emulsion should be selected to clean the orchard in time, and the dead leaves of orange orchard should be removed and burned centrally. May-June is the concurrent period of many diseases and insect pests, such as black spot disease, scab disease, scale insect, red spider and so on. Especially, the effects of citrus black spot disease and scab disease on citrus fruit surface are particularly obvious. Imported mancozeb, such as insecticide and acaricide, can be comprehensively controlled from flowering to flowering.

Spraying sulfur mixture 1-2 times during the fruit color change period can improve the quality of citrus fruit and reduce the harm of pests and diseases and floating skin of citrus fruit.

Six, harvesting and postpartum commercialization.

1. Suitable harvest time: In order to ensure the quality of citrus fruits in the market and realize post-harvest appreciation, the suitable harvest time should be selected according to different sales methods of citrus. The same tree can be picked in stages and batches, first picking the fruits in the upper and outer parts of the crown, and then picking the fruits in the crown. The harvesting time of early maturing Miyagawa Satsuma Citrus planted in protected facilities can be postponed to 1 to February of the following year.

2. Commercialization after harvest: After citrus harvest, we should pay attention to quality and brand management, and increase the added value of fruits. Picked oranges should be selected, washed, graded and packaged; First, reject the unqualified fruits, then grade them, label the graded fruits and box them. Packaging and external labeling shall be carried out in accordance with the national standards of citrus, and the trademark, variety, grade, packaging weight, place of origin and product standard number shall be marked, and the place of origin and producer shall be marked by barcode. The logo and icon on the box should meet the requirements of national citrus packaging standards.