Zhengzhou, Xi, Luoyang, Beijing, Nanjing, Kaifeng, Anyang and Hangzhou.
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According to archaeological excavations and historical records, there were 94 emperors in Xia, Shang, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui (Emperor) and Tang (Wu Zhou) dynasties, which lasted 65,438+.
About 2 1 century BC, Emperor Taikang of Xia Dynasty once established the capital (now Luoyang East Erlitou). Xia Di set foot in Xia Jie and established his capital in Los Angeles. According to historical records, the place where Jie lived is "left by the river, right by the river, right by the river, with Yi Que (Longmen) in front and Taihang in the back", which is the location of Luoyang. After archaeological excavation, it was found in Erlitou site in Luoyang suburb and Shuli site in Luonan, and it was confirmed that there were cultural remains in the early and late summer under the accumulation layer of Shang Dynasty. In the 7th century BC/KLOC-,Shang Tang destroyed Xia Jie. In order to subdue the stubborn people of Xia Dynasty and expand the territory of the Western Region, Xibo (now Luoyang East), a new capital, was built near the former summer capital. In 770 AD (the first year of the East), in order to avoid the intrusion of Xirong, Ping moved the capital from Haojiang to Luoyang, which was called "the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. In 25 AD (the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty), Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, destroyed Xinmang, established Luoyang as its capital and changed Luoyang to Luoyang. In 220 AD (twenty-five years of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty), in 65438+ February, Cao Pi, the Wei emperor, abolished the Han emperor, changed the title of Wei State, made Luoyang its capital, and changed Luo into Luo on the basis of the Han capital. Repair Luoyang Palace.
In 264 AD (the first year of Wei Chengxi), Sima Yan killed Cao Huan, the Emperor of Wei Yuan, changed his country name to Jin, and made Luoyang his capital, which was called "Western Jin" in history. In the 19th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (the 5th year of Bangxian), Justin, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (formerly named Tuoba, renamed Hanyuan), moved his capital from Pingcheng, Shanxi Province to Luoyang. In 605 AD, Yang Di Yang Guang acceded to the throne after killing his father, and made Luoyang his capital, which was extremely luxurious. In 684 AD (the first year of the government), Emperor Wudi of the Tang Dynasty abolished Li Xian and Li Dan, and became the Emperor of Heaven, and Luoyang, the eastern capital, was changed to "the capital of gods". In 909 (the third year of Kaiping in Hou Liang), Emperor Taizu of Liang built a province in Luoyang and two cities in the north and south, and named Luoyang "Kyoto". In 923 (three years in office), Li, the son of Li Keyong, king of the Jin Dynasty in Hedong, destroyed the back beam, unified the north, acceded to the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, changed his name to the later Tang Dynasty, and made Luoyang his capital. In 936 (the third year of the late Tang Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty), Tang Mingzong's son-in-law Shi Jingtang Li Siyuan and our envoys from Hedong seized the world with the support of the Khitans in the late Tang Dynasty. Shi Jingtang proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang, changed his name to Houjin, made Luoyang his capital, and moved the capital to Kaifeng after eleven months a year.
It is an indisputable fact that Xi is the capital of China and the world. However, whether Xi 'an is the ancient capital of several dynasties, when did Xi 'an start as the capital, how many years did Xi 'an last, and so on. , has long been a controversial issue in academic circles. In recent years, the theory of thirteen dynasties has been recognized by many scholars, but there are still different opinions from time to time. This seems to be an irrelevant issue that does not affect the determination of Xi 'an's status as an ancient capital, but in fact it not only causes confusion in the publicity and introduction of relevant government departments, but also hinders the in-depth study of Xi 'an's history as an important ancient capital. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research and draw a convincing conclusion.
According to scholars' research on the dynasties with capitals in the history of Xi 'an, it is found that there are as many as 12 dynasties with capitals in Xi 'an, including ten dynasties, eleven dynasties, twelve dynasties, thirteen dynasties, until the 21st century. In fact, many of the above theories have two, three or even four opinions. According to rough statistics, there are more than 20 kinds of statements about Xi 'an Capital in newspapers and periodicals. Of course, the above dynasty theory is just a general term. In fact, it includes not only the dynasty in the unified period, but also the separatist regime in the split period and the regime established by the peasant uprising. Among them, the most representative are the following:
(1) Ten Dynasties Theory. The original advocate was the historian Wu Bolun. In his book A Brief History of Xi 'an, published in 1979 and reprinted in 1984, he listed 10 dynasties with Xi 'an as their capital, namely:
Western Zhou Dynasty (former 1 134- former 77 1)
Qin dynasty (former 22 1 former 207)
Western Han Dynasty (204-24 BC)
Former Zhao (318-329)
Qian Qin (351-383)
Later Qin Dynasty (384-417)
Western Wei Dynasty (535-556)
Northern Zhou Dynasty (557-581)
Sui (581-617)
Tang (618-907)
It lasted *** 1062.
The author also believes that "the above is just a traditional statement, which is not completely correct in fact, and some of it cannot reflect the actual situation of history" _J 1. The statement of the above ten dynasties is really not comprehensive, especially some dynasties established Xi 'an as their capital, which is even more inaccurate. However, the listed 10 dynasties are the most important dynasties and regimes that once established their capital in Xi 'an.
(2) Fourteen generations theory. It was put forward by Shuxun Wang, a statistician and former deputy director of the Statistics Bureau of Xi 'an, in the article1992 "A Statistical Study on the Historical Capital Dynasty and Time of Xi 'an". In other words, four dynasties were added, namely, the New Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Yu) and the Zhou Dynasty (Wu Zhou). This paper lists the Statistical Table of Xi 'an Capital History, lists the start and end dates of Xi 'an capital in fourteen dynasties one by one, and draws the conclusion that Xi 'an capital lasted 1 158.
The author puts forward his own views on the criteria for determining the dynasty of the capital city, and tries to make accurate statistics on the start and end dates of the newly recognized Xi 'an 14 dynasty from the perspective of professional statistics. However, due to some controversial standards of the capital dynasty and some basis for calculating the number of years of the capital, such as the aforementioned An Shi of Xi, etc. These are not authoritative works and there are some uncertain problems.
(3) the theory of thirteen dynasties. It was written by the historian Professor Niu Zhigong in 1993. In his article "On the Dynasties of Andu", he affirmed that Andu was "undisputed" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Qianzhao Dynasty, Qianqin Dynasty, Houqin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, and decided that the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty were coerced to Chang 'an, and that the emperor of the Western Jin Dynasty should be regarded as the emperor in Chang 'an. Therefore, it is considered that the dynasties with Xi 'an as its capital are: Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, New Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Because the basis is sufficient, it is still quite influential. However, in the academic circles, the article said that "as for Huang Chao's claim to be the emperor in Chang 'an and Li Zicheng's claim to be the king in An, it is a matter of peasant regime, so it is not necessary to compare with feudal dynasties", but it has not been widely recognized.
(4) The theory of seventeen dynasties. Professor Shi Nianhai, a historical geographer, demonstrated this.
1990, he settled Xi 'an as the only ancient capital in China with a capital history of more than one thousand years. He thinks that the capital of 17 dynasty and regime is in Xi 'an, as follows:
1. Pick: Western Zhou Dynasty, 268;
2. Xianyang: Qin Dou,145;
3. Chang 'an: the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, 208;
4. Chang 'an: Xinmandu,15;
5. Chang 'an: Han () started again, 3 years;
6. Chang 'an: Chimeidu, 2 years;
7. Chang 'an: the Eastern Han Dynasty offered the capital of the Emperor, 6 years;
8. Chang 'an: Emperor Jinhui, Emperor Yu, 7 years;
9. Chang 'an: former capital of Zhao, 10 year;
10 Chang' an: former Qin capital, 35 years;
1 1. Chang 'an: the capital of the late Qin Dynasty, 32 years;
12 Chang 'an: the capital of the Western Wei Dynasty, 23 years;
13. Chang 'an: the capital of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, 25 years;
14 Chang' an: Suidu, 26 years;
15. Chang 'an: Tang Dou, 266;
16 Chang 'an: the capital of Qi (Huang Chao), 4 years;
17 Chang 'an: capital of Dashun (Li Baicheng), 2 years.
The above 17 infrastructure duration 1077.
Compared with the theory of thirteen dynasties mentioned above, the theory of seventeen dynasties added four more regimes, namely, the replacement emperor Liu Xuan in the late Western Han Dynasty, Daqi Huang Chao in the late Tang Dynasty and Dashun Li Baicheng in the late Ming Dynasty. Among them, the author calls the regime established by Liu Xuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "one of the hegemonic countries in the Western Han Dynasty", while the latter three are called "regimes established by peasants and refugees". Although this theory was published at the beginning of 199 1, it was not recognized by the authors of the theory of thirteen dynasties and fourteen dynasties, which was obviously caused by different academic viewpoints.
Based on a comprehensive analysis of the above viewpoints and other viewpoints about Xi 'an Jiandu Dynasty, it is believed that the main reasons for the divergent opinions and disagreement are the vague criteria for judging the ancient capital and the inconsistent understanding of some historical facts. The former focuses on the understanding of the capital city built by the regime established by the peasant uprising, while the latter is reflected in the question of whether the Zhou Dynasty built by the Western Jin Dynasty, Li and Wu Zetian was built in Chang 'an. Therefore, to solve this problem, we must first define the manpower from the scientific ancient capital, and on this basis, based on historical facts, determine the dynasty of the capital.
Some scholars have made their own explanations on the definition of ancient capital. However, at present, the definition recognized by most scholars in the academic circles of ancient capitals in China is that all dynasties, capitals established by political power (including some regional capitals) and accompanying capitals are ancient capitals, which is obviously relatively broad. That is to say, all the cities ruled by the rulers of a dynasty or regime in history, regardless of the length of time, the width and narrowness of the ruling area, the dynasty or kingdom in the period of unification, the regime established by the Chinese nation or other nationalities, the regime established by the aristocratic strongmen or the peasant uprising, the formation of the capital or capital, ruins or new cities, should be regarded as ancient capitals.
According to the above definition, the thirteen dynasties confirmed by Professor Niu Zhigong above, namely Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Xin Dynasty, Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Jin Dynasty, Former Zhao Dynasty, Former Qin Dynasty, Later Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, all established their capitals in Xi 'an. Emperor Huidi of the Western Jin Dynasty and Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty should not be considered as moving their capital to Chang 'an, while the Zhou Dynasty established by Wu Zetian took Luoyang as its capital and changed its name to God's capital. The political life of the Wu and Zhou Dynasties has always been based on God, so Chang 'an is not the capital. Professor Niu Zhigong made an incisive exposition on the above situation in the article "Dynasty with Xi 'an as its capital", which is not quoted here. Therefore, these three dynasties should be excluded from the dynasties that once established Xi 'an as their capital.
As for the regimes established by Liu Xuan, Liu Pengzi, Huang Chao and Li Zicheng. Xi 'an, the capital of Xi 'an, should be considered as a peasant regime, and the sentence "no need to be compared with the feudal dynasty" should be denied immediately.
The most detailed record of Liu Xuan and Liu Pengzi's deeds in the official history is the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, which was once biographied by Liu Xuan and Liu Pengzi, ranking first among biographies, second only to emperors. You can see that they are heavy. According to its historical facts, both of them took advantage of the situation in the last years of Xin Mang, gathered people to revolt and became emperors. Successively invaded Chang 'an, making the kings bow down.
The year of establishment and the administrative order last for 2 years respectively. Therefore, Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and Liu Pengzi, the Emperor with Red Eyebrows, should be regarded as the capital of Chang 'an. For Huang Chao, both old and new Tang books have been circulated. According to records, in the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming (880), on February 5th, 65438, Huang Chao led a rebel army to capture Chang 'an, and on February 3rd, 65438, he proclaimed himself emperor in the Hanyuan Temple. The title of the country is Daqi and Jianyuan is Jintong. Later, he left Chang 'an on April 10 in the fourth year of Jin Tong (883). Chang 'an has established its capital for three years, so the Daqi regime should also be included in the regime of Xi 'an, which has established its capital. As for Li Zicheng in the late Ming Dynasty, although Xi 'an was captured in October in the sixteenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1643), he was king in Xi 'an in the first month of the seventeenth year (1644), with the title of Dashun and Yongchang. But the good times did not last long, that is, in February of that year, he crossed the Yellow River eastward and entered Shanxi. On March 19, he captured the capital and proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing.
It can be seen that Li Baicheng only regards Xi 'an as a base to seize the capital, not the capital.
To sum up, it can be judged that there are six unified dynasties, namely, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Xin Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty; there are five divided regimes, namely, pre-Zhao Dynasty, pre-Qin Dynasty, post-Qin Dynasty, Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Friday; there are two last emperors, namely the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty; and there are three peasant uprisings, namely, the Emperor Gaozu, the Red-Eye Emperor Liu and the Emperor Huang Chao. Therefore, Xi 'an can be called "the ancient capital of the Sixteenth Dynasties".
There are also many sayings about the number of years of dynasties and political power in Anjian Capital. The elders are 1062 to 1220, and there are 1077, 165, 438+058 and 1099 in the middle. .
This is obviously related to the different dynasties and calculation methods in their respective capitals. According to the sixteen dynasties determined above, the calculation is as follows:
Western Zhou Dynasty: It all started in Fenghao, started in the last years of King Wen and ended in the eleventh year of King You. The eleventh year of Wang You recorded in history is 77 BC1year. As for when King Wen became rich, there were different opinions. In 2000, the 1996-2000 stage achievement report (abridged version) published by the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating engineering expert group designated BC 1046 as the first choice year for merchants of the king of Wu. So according to historical records. Zhou Benji, King Wen died in BC 1057, and Zhou people moved eastward.
It is BC 1059 to make Fengyi on the west bank of Fenghe River. This is the year when Xi 'an established its capital, and it is also the year when Xi 'an was established. If this year is regarded as the starting year of Xi 'an, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it will take 289 years from the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the death of Zhou Youwang in 77 1 BC and the country's demise.
Qin: They were all in Liyang, starting with two years of dedication. In 383), it ended in the twelfth year of filial piety (the first 350 years) and lasted for 34 years; The capital is Chengyang, which started in the 12th year of Xiaozong and ended in the first year of Zi Ying (207 BC), and lasted 144 years. Total 178 years.
Western Han Dynasty: Both of them were in Liyang, starting in the fifth year of Gaozu (the first 202 years) and ending in the seventh year of Gaozu (the first 200 years), which lasted for 3 years; The capital is in Chang 'an, which started in the seventh year of Gaozu and ended in the third year (eight years) of Ruzi Yingju, lasting 208 years. Total 2 1 1 year.
New: They are all in Chang 'an, which lasted 15 years from the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (9 years) to the end of the fourth year of the Emperor (23 years).
Liu Xuan, the emperor of the early Han Dynasty, started in Chang 'an for two years (24 years) and started his career for three years (25 years), which lasted for two years.
Liu Penzi, the Emperor with Red Eyebrows: The capital is in Chang 'an, which started in the first year of the foundation (25 years) and ended in the second year of the foundation (26 years) and lasted for 2 years.
Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty: They were all in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Chuping (190) and ending in the second year of Xingping (195), which lasted for 6 years.
Emperor Yi of the Western Jin Dynasty: The capital was in Chang 'an, which began in the first year of Jianxing (365,438+03) and ended in the fourth year of Jianxing (365,438+06), lasting for 4 years.
Former Zhao: All of them were in Chang 'an, starting from the first year of Liu Yaoguang (3 18) and ending in the twelfth year (329), lasting 12 years.
Pre-Qin: They were all in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Jian Di (35 1) and ending in the first year of Tai 'an (385), which lasted for 35 years.
Later Qin Dynasty: Both of them were in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Yao Chang's founding (386) and ending in the second year of Yao Hongyong and Yonghe (4 17), which lasted for 32 years.
Western Wei Dynasty: Both of them were in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Emperor Wendi's Datong (535) and ending in the third year of Emperor Gongdi (556), which lasted for 22 years.
Northern Zhou Dynasty: All in Chang 'an, starting in the first year of Ming Emperor (557) and ending in the first year of Jingdi Dading (58 1), which lasted for 25 years.
Sui: They were all in Daxing, starting in the first year of Wendi (58 1) and ending in the second year of Gongdi (6 18), which lasted for 38 years.
Don: They are all in Chang 'an. Since Wu Zetian established the Zhou Dynasty, moved the capital to Luoyang (now Luoyang) and Huang Chao's Daqi regime was once in Chang 'an, the Tang Dynasty in Chang 'an can be divided into three periods: before, during and after. The early period began in the first year of Gaozu Wude (6 18) and ended in the first year of Zongrui civilization (684), which lasted for 67 years. The middle period began in the first year of Qianlong in Zhongzong (705) and ended in the first year of Guangming in Xuanzong (880), lasting 176 years. The last period began in the third year of Nuozhongzong (883) and ended in the first year of Zhao Zongtian You (904), which lasted for 22 years. The pre-,mid-and post-periods totaled 265 years.
Huang Chao, Emperor of Daqi: The capital was in Chang 'an, which started in Jin and Yuan Dynasties (880) and ended in Jin Dynasty (883), and lasted for 4 years.
The 16 dynasties and political powers listed above were all established in Xi 'an. Excluding the overlapping seven years, the total number was 1 133. In short, Xi 'an was the ancient capital of the 16 dynasty, which lasted for 33 years.
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The ancient capitals of the Six Dynasties and the Ten Dynasties are the familiar names of Nanjing. The ancient capital of the Six Dynasties refers to the six regimes of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in Soochow, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, all of which established their capitals in Nanjing. During the Ten Dynasties, in addition to the above six regimes, Nanjing was also the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the early Ming Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Republic of China.
Both the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties and the metropolis of the Ten Dynasties are descriptions of Nanjing's long history.
Ji, a researcher at the Institute of History of Jiangsu Academy of Social Sciences, recently told reporters that Nanjing has a history of nearly 2,500 years since Vietnamese doctors built the city in 472 BC.
In this long history of 2500 years, there are 12 regimes and their capitals. In addition to the ten regimes we are familiar with, there are also Yang Wu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and the early Southern Song Dynasty. Researcher Ji believes that history is conclusive and Nanjing should be labeled as the "Ancient Capital of the Twelve Dynasties".
Wu Yang regime established Nanjing as its capital for four years.
Researcher Ji took out his own "A Complete Collection of Places of Interest in Jinling" and quoted historical facts to tell reporters about the history of Yang Wu and the Southern Song Dynasty in Nanjing.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yang Xingmi, a native of Hefei, Anhui Province, was recruited as a state soldier and joined the army of the Tang Dynasty. Because he was tall and brave in fighting, he gradually made his fortune in the confrontation with peasant rebels in Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi, and held military power in Luzhou Secretariat, Xuanzhou Observer and Huainan Our Mission. The sphere of influence is centered on Guangling (now Yangzhou), and according to most provinces in Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and Shandong, it has become a separatist force. In the second year of Tianfu in Tang Dynasty (902), Yang Xingmi was named King of Wu.
In the same year, Yang Xingmi died and his eldest son, Yang W, succeeded Wu. Tang Tian? In AD 4 (907), Hou Liang replaced the Tang Dynasty and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In 908, General Ji Ze of the State of Wu killed Mr. Yang, and Yang Xingmi's second son, Yang Long, succeeded to the throne, under the charge of Minister Xu Wen. 1920 February, Yang Longyao died, and Yang Xingmi's fourth son, Yang Pu, succeeded to the throne. Later, it was passed that "the mansion (namely Nanjing) was changed to Jinling Mansion and Baixu Wen was Jinling Yin", and the year number was changed to Shunyi 921; In 927, civil and military officials advised Yang Pu to proclaim himself emperor and grant amnesty to the world, thus completing the task of founding the country. Yang Wuda and "five years (933), the capital of Jinling", the establishment of Yang Wuda regime, Nanjing as its capital.
Four years later, in 937, Xu Zhibao, the adopted son of the powerful Xu Wen, established Qi State, with Jinling in the west and Guangling in the east. Yang Pu ceded the throne to Xu Zhimo, ending the four-year history of Nanjing as the capital of Yang Wu regime.
Mr. Ji said that the history of Jinling, the capital of Yang Jiandu, was rarely known by the public and rarely mentioned by the academic community because of the short time of its establishment.
Li Gang argued for Nanjing, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.
More than a hundred years later, Nanjing once again became the capital of another small court. Ji said: "Nanjing became the capital again in the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty. This time it took a little longer, from 1 129 to 1 138, which lasted for ten years. "
After the "Jingkang Change", the Northern Song Dynasty perished. In May of the first year of Jianyan (1 127), Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, proclaimed himself emperor in Shangqiu, which was known as the Southern Song Dynasty. Interestingly, Shangqiu was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, also known as Nanjing. Later, due to the southward movement of 8 Jin Army, Zhao Gou carried out the surrender route advocated by Qin Gui and others, and the Southern Song Dynasty was losing ground. Later, Zhao Gou left Shangqiu in a hurry and fled to Yangzhou, and soon fled to Jiangnan.
After the ruling clique of the Southern Song Dynasty crossed the river, Li Gang and other resistance factions took Jinling as their capital, and Emperor Zhao Gou of the Emperor Gaozong was forced to declare Nanjing (then called "jiangning house") as its capital on May 8th in the third year of the proposal (1 129), and changed "jiangning house as Jiankang House". However, Zhao Gou still suspects that Nanjing is close to the Yangtze River, and the nomads from there will cross the river at any time. Finally, after eight years in Shaoxing (1 138), he moved the capital to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), ending the ten-year history of Nanjing as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty.
Since then, although Jinling, as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, has remained 14 1 year (1138-1279), the eight generations of kings, under the threat of strong enemies, lived leisurely by the Xizi Lake, and were ridiculed by the people as "the green hills are outside the mountains, and the West Lake is several degrees away."
Why did you miss these two regimes?
The two regimes formally established their capitals in Nanjing. Why is this irrefutable historical fact forgotten when we call Nanjing "the city of ten dynasties"? Even researcher Ji doesn't know the specific reasons. He speculates that this may be because China people like integers and call Nanjing "the city of ten dynasties", or it may be because the time before and after the Yangwu regime and the Southern Song Dynasty established Nanjing was relatively short. It was only four years since Yang Wu founded Nanjing, and only 10 in the Southern Song Dynasty. Of the 12 regimes with Nanjing as their capital, both regimes have Nanjing as their capital.
"Even if Nanjing has only one year to build its capital, this year will count." Ji insisted on renaming Nanjing as "the city of the Twelve Dynasties" and made many complaints about this matter.
He said: "The historical facts were not very clear before, but now they are fully understood. Why don't you add up those two dynasties and rename Nanjing' the city of the Twelve Dynasties'? " Mr. Ji believes that now that the Tenth National Games is about to be held, Nanjing will be renamed as the "City of the Twelfth Dynasties", which will not only leave an unforgettable impression on guests at home and abroad, but also promote the development of tourism and cultural relics protection in Nanjing. Why not?
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Beijing, during the Warring States period, Yan, Liao (late period), Jin (middle period), Yuan, Ming and Qing all established their capitals here.
Kaifeng was the capital of Wei during the Warring States Period, the Five Dynasties, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Han Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty.
except for...
Anyang, the capital of the late Yin and Shang Dynasties
Hangzhou, the capital of Southern Song Dynasty
Zhengzhou, the capital of the middle Yin and Shang Dynasties.