Agricultural science and technology knowledge I
First, how to produce vegetables in the off-season?
(1) overcoming weak spring in production: ① late-maturing varieties, such as winter seeds, should be arranged as early as possible in the autumn of the previous year. Late Gan Lan, 120 pickles, late radishes, carrots and Chinese cabbage with strong winterness, which are listed in the off-season in the following spring, can all be listed in early April. (2) Introduce and develop vegetable varieties that have been weak in spring, such as celery, broad beans, peas, Chinese toon and watercress. ③ Pay attention to the anti-season facility cultivation of early-maturing varieties in winter and spring. For example, solanaceous vegetables can be planted in June 10- 1 1 and cultivated in greenhouses, and can be listed after the Lantern Festival. (4) Carry out off-season cultivation from time to time, such as Chinese cabbage, celery, Gan Lan and other biennial vegetables, select suitable varieties, and make them go on the market in April-May through cultivation techniques such as heat preservation and seedling raising.
(2) Overcoming the weak production in summer and autumn: ① Grasp the varieties of late-maturing heat-resistant vegetables, such as wax gourd, late wax gourd, edamame, taro, pumpkin and water bamboo. ② Cultivation techniques of off-season vegetables in high mountains, such as summer tomatoes, summer sweet peppers, summer radishes and summer dwarf green beans. ③ Develop some cruciferous vegetables that can be produced all year round, such as heat-resistant Chinese cabbage, mustard greens, Chinese cabbage and kale. ④ Choose early-maturing varieties from autumn vegetables for early cultivation, such as Xiaguang No.1 Gan Lan, Xiayangbai and 40-day early-maturing cauliflower. ⑤ Using shading net seedling raising and factory seedling raising technology to prevent losses caused by typhoon and rainstorm. 6. Processing bean sprouts.
2. What are the techniques for vegetable stereoscopic cultivation?
(1) Varieties with short growth period should be matched with varieties with long growth period, such as taro, wax gourd, celery, wintering Gan Lan and carrot. The growth period is long. In the early stage, you can interplant amaranth, Chinese cabbage, water spinach, Chinese kale, spinach, early-maturing cucumber, early-maturing gourd and four-season radish. (2) the combination of light-loving varieties and shade-tolerant varieties, such as ginger, cowpea and Chinese cabbage (or water spinach) planted in three-dimensional space. (3) Combination of tall and short varieties, upright types and crawling types. Such as onion spinach (or Chinese cabbage), garlic Chinese cabbage and onion Gan Lan. ④ The collocation of deep-rooted varieties and shallow-rooted varieties. Such as towel gourd, wax gourd and eggplant with deep roots and Chinese cabbage, coriander and amaranth with shallow roots. ⑤ Reasonable field population structure, such as three-dimensional cultivation of wax gourd and tomato, can make wax gourd vine climb and grow on tomato herringbone frame, which not only makes use of the frame material, but also reduces the sun burning of tomato fruit in the later stage because of proper shading of wax gourd vine. 6. Raise celery seedlings in advance under the vegetable shed, such as wax gourd (or loofah, gourd, etc.). ) Dapingpeng cultivation. When growing from late July to August, early celery seedlings can be sown in the border without wax gourd. ⑦ Take advantage of the vertical temperature difference between high-altitude mountainous areas and plains, such as anti-season growth in areas over 800 meters in summer and anti-season production of greenhouse facilities in winter and spring plains. ⑧ Indoor shelf facilities cultivation techniques, such as planting spinach, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, coriander, amaranth and other green leafy vegetables, make full use of space to produce vegetables industrially, but need lighting, heating and cooling air conditioning and other facilities.
3. What are the substrates for organic ecotype soilless culture?
A: There are peat, sand, perlite, sawdust, sawdust, plant ash, leached cinder, etc. According to different crops in different proportions. For example, the formula of organic ecotype substrate for seedless cucumber is peat: peat: sand = 3: 2: 1, and decomposed chicken manure 10 kg and 3 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ternary compound fertilizer are added to each square meter of substrate. High fertility rate? The microbial fertilizer is 0.3kg, the substrate pH is PH6.5, and the formula of seedling substrate is 3: 3: 1.
Four, when building a greenhouse, how to establish the extension direction?
Answer: Under the topographical conditions, it is suggested that the greenhouse extend from north to south, and the deflection angle should be controlled within 15 degrees from south to west.
Agricultural science and technology knowledge II
1. How to determine the length, width and height of a greenhouse?
Answer: As far as specific vegetable crops are concerned, the short stalks (such as water spinach, strawberries, ground-grown watermelons and melons) have a width of 5- 10m, a length of 20-40m, a side column height of 0.6m and an arrow tip height of 2m; The middle stem (such as tomato, eggplant and pepper) is 6- 10m wide, 30-40m long, the side column is 0.8- 1m high and the arrow tip is 2.5m high. The vines planted in hedgerows (such as cucumber, cowpea, bitter gourd and watermelon) are 6-1m wide.
Second, how to manage fertilizer and water when growing vegetables in greenhouses?
Answer: In principle, vegetables in greenhouses are irrigated by dark irrigation to reduce the air humidity in greenhouses. However, for planting vegetables with strong disease resistance, such as Ipomoea aquatica, sprinkler irrigation can also be used. The so-called dark irrigation is an irrigation method to replenish water to vegetables under plastic film. There are usually two ways of underground irrigation, namely infiltration irrigation and drip irrigation. Infiltration irrigation is an irrigation method that permeates the soil through underground infiltration pipes to supply water to crops. This method has a large amount of work and high input cost, so it is rarely used at present. Drip irrigation is an irrigation method in which pipes with several holes are arranged under plastic film and crop rhizosphere, and water or water fertilizer is input to crop rhizosphere through water pressure difference. This is a water-saving, efficient and moderate-cost irrigation method, which is being widely popularized in recent years. In addition, farmers have also created an indigenous dark irrigation, which prevents the moisture in the border from evaporating into the greenhouse space through the plastic film covering the border, reduces the humidity in the greenhouse and achieves the purpose of watering. The specific method is to make the border into a whole. Concave? Font,? Concave? Insert a small bamboo bow into the groove, the sagittal height of the small bamboo bow is flat with the edge surface, and then insert it into the groove. Concave? Cover the border with plastic film, and introduce water or water fertilizer into the border ditch under the film during irrigation to let it naturally penetrate into the crop rhizosphere.
3. How to choose greenhouse vegetable varieties?
A: It is very important to choose good varieties for growing vegetables in greenhouses. Because the environmental conditions in the greenhouse are quite different from those in the open field, in addition to the temperature, the environmental characteristics in the plastic greenhouse are weak light, high humidity, high soil alkali content, low air flow, low carbon dioxide content and high hydrogen sulfide content. Therefore, vegetable varieties used for greenhouse cultivation must have the characteristics of low light tolerance, low temperature tolerance, high humidity tolerance, low photosynthetic compensation point and strong disease resistance. At the same time, in order to make greenhouse vegetables go on the market as soon as possible and obtain better economic benefits, we should choose early-maturing and high-yield varieties in the early stage. Specifically, when buying seeds, it depends on whether there is a label on the packaging bag. Suitable for protected cultivation? In that case. Don't buy blindly.
Four, greenhouse vegetables, fertilization should pay attention to what problems?
Answer: If you want to grow vegetables in plastic greenhouse, besides mastering the fertilization technology of growing vegetables in the open field, there are two problems that vegetable farmers must pay attention to: First, the organic fertilizer applied in greenhouse must be fully decomposed, because of the double coverage of roof film and border plastic film, the toxic gas released by the organic fertilizer applied in soil during the decomposition process is easy to accumulate toxic vegetable crops around the crops; Second, sufficient base fertilizer must be applied, and the proportion of farmyard manure that has been decomposed for a long time should be as large as possible in the proportion of fertilizer structure. Generally, the amount of base fertilizer should account for 80% of the fertilization amount, and the proportion of farm manure should be above 80%, because it takes time and labor to supplement soil fertilizer outside the border after plastic film mulching, and topdressing outside the roots alone can not meet the nutrient demand of crops.
Agricultural science and technology knowledge 3
1. Vegetables such as solanaceous fruits, melons and beans are planted in plastic greenhouses. Why trim it? What problems should be paid attention to in plastic trimming?
Answer: the main purposes of plastic pruning of eggplant, fruit, melon and bean vegetables are: first, to coordinate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of plants and promote fruit and yield increase; The second is to improve ventilation and light transmission between plants, enhance plant resistance and reduce production costs. Compared with the open field, vegetable growing in greenhouse has weak light and small air flow. If the plants are pruned scientifically in time, the plants will grow white, with weak photosynthetic capacity and poor disease resistance. Under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, diseases are easy to spread and reduce the yield and quality of fruits and vegetables.
First of all, pay attention to timeliness. (1) Insert vines, erect vines and tie vines in time. For example, tomato seedlings should be erected about 30cm high, cucumber vines should be cut and tied about 30cm long, and cowpea vines should be pulled out. (2) Plant adjustment should be timely. Plant adjustment includes pruning, harrowing, coring and budding. For example, tomatoes in greenhouses are generally pruned with a single stem, leaving only the main stem to bear fruit, and the side branches are removed in time as they grow. After the main stem bears 3-4 layers of fruit, the upper two leaves of the ear are removed in time; Eggplant, in order to improve the early yield of eggplant in greenhouse, it is necessary to pick the stone of 6-8 leaves above the eggplant in time when it blooms, and erase all axillary buds, so as to concentrate on the nutritional growth of eggplant and eggplant; Cowpea, in order to realize the early maturity and high yield of cowpea in greenhouse, must also be pruned in time to concentrate nutrients on the flower buds of the main vine and promote flowering and pod setting. The method is as follows: when the lateral buds below the first inflorescence of the main vine grow to about 3cm, smooth them in time to promote the main vine to be strong, blossom and bear pods early, while the lateral branches above the first inflorescence of the main vine leave 2-3 leaves for pinching to promote the formation of the first flower buds of the lateral vine. (3) Remove dead branches and diseased leaves in time. If dead branches and diseased leaves are not removed in time, it will not only affect ventilation and light transmission, but also easily breed germs and spread diseases.
Secondly, the fields should be kept clean and hygienic. When carrying out plastic pruning operations in the greenhouse, you must carry woven bags with you, and carry away every bit of garbage removed during the operation at any time to keep the shed as clean and hygienic as possible. Otherwise, plastic surgery and pruning will promote the spread of diseases. In addition, the waste left by plastic trimming must be transported to a distant place for burial or incineration, and cannot be discarded at will, let alone thrown into the river.
Finally, smoking is not allowed in the greenhouse, so as not to infect crops with virus diseases.
Second, the symptoms and prevention methods of various vegetable diseases and insect pests?
1. Harmful symptoms and control methods of Plutella xylostella?
Hazard symptoms: the first instar larvae eat one epidermis and petiole instead, leaving the other epidermis. Small skylight shape? With the growth of insects, there are more insects, and leaves can be eaten into holes and nicks. When the larvae are frightened, they twist violently and spin silk.
Chemical control method: 2000-3000 times of 2.5% triadimefon, 2000-3000 times of 2.5% kungfu, 3000 times of 5% Ruijinte suspension, 500- 1000 times of BT emulsion and 800- 1000 times of 24% Kuailing aqueous solution.
2. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of Spodoptera litura?
Harmful symptoms: the newly hatched larvae feed in groups, only eat mesophyll before the third instar, leaving the upper epidermis and veins, which turn yellow after white gauze, and can eat up the whole field crop in severe cases.
Pesticide control methods: 2.5% Kung Fu EC 5000 times, 24% Kuailing water agent 1000- 1500 times, 10% Kuailing powder 500 times, 50% Kulong1000-1.
3. What are the symptoms and control methods of Pieris rapae?
Harmful symptoms: the leaves are eaten into holes, scored or only veins are left, and green insect dung is left in Chinese cabbage.
Chemical control method: 3,000-4,000 times of 2.5% triadimefon, 4,000 times of 20% metronidazole, 0/.500 times of 24% Kuailing water agent/kloc-0, 800 times of BT emulsion, and spraying water.
4. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of nail jumping?
Harmful symptoms: Adults can gnaw leaves or cotyledons into small holes, and larvae eat fibrous roots or epidermis into many curved wormways, which can make seedlings dry up and die in severe cases.
Chemical control method: kill 3000 times with 25% Kung Fu emulsifiable concentrate or 2.5% enema, and spray with 5% Regent county floating agent 1500 times. 50% phoxim is sprinkled on the ground with 50 ~100g sand and10 ~ 20kg, or sprayed on the ground with the above pesticides or 3.5% Than Shwe 1000 times.
5. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of stem borers?
Harmful symptoms: Larvae mainly eats the seeds of fruit pods and pods, and there are green or brown insect droppings outside the moth hole.
Pesticide control method: Before catching the 3rd instar larvae and before 10 in the morning, spray 2.5% Kung Fu EC 3000~4000 times and 5% Ruijinte SC 1500 times. 2.5% Dimethoate EC was sprayed 3000 times.
6. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of vegetable aphids?
Harmful symptoms: the damaged leaves are curled, which often induces soot disease.
Chemical control methods: 2.5% triadimefon or 2.5% kungfu EC 3000 ~ 4000 times, 24% Kuailing water agent 800 ~ 1000 times, Kuailing powder 1000 times, Bt EC 1000 ~ 1500 times.
7. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of vegetable anthracnose?
Harmful symptoms: the lesion is large and round or nearly round. When wet, it secretes mucus, when dry, it contracts and ruptures, and some lesions will produce small black spots.
Chemical control methods: 70% thiophanate-methyl 800~ 1000 times, 80% anthrax thiram 800 times, 10% world high 800~ 1000 times, 53.7% Guan Junqing1000-/.
8. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of vegetable damping-off disease?
Hazard symptoms: The stem base of the unearthed seedlings was soaked in water for 10,000 times, then turned brown and shrank, and the diseased seedlings suddenly fell off. When the seedbed is wet, white flocs can be seen at the diseased part.
Chemical control method: 25% metalaxyl 800 times solution, 64% antivirus alum or 72.2% thorn 400 times water spray.
9. What are the symptoms and prevention methods of vegetable wilt?
Harmful symptoms: at the early stage of the disease, the leaves of plants are premature, and they will recover sooner or later, but they cannot recover after repeated days. At this time, the stems and vines turn brown at the base and soak in water, and a layer of white and pinkish mold grows on the surface, and a small amount of gum overflows. Finally, the diseased part shrank, the epidermis split like hemp and the plant died. When the diseased plant is sliced, the vascular bundle turns brown.
Chemical control methods: 70% thiophanate-methyl or 10% thiobarbital 800- 1000 times, 40% bissanling 800 times, 53.7% Guanjunqing 1000- 1500 times, and 5% bacterial toxin.
10. Harmful symptoms and control methods of vegetable damping-off disease?
Hazard symptoms: Oval brown spots are produced at the base of the stem of the seedling, which gradually droop. After expansion, the diseased parts shrink and dry around the stem. The diseased seedlings withered at first, and then gradually died. When the humidity is high, there will be a spider silk-like brown fog on the affected area.
Chemical control methods: 800~ 1000 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl, 450 times of 15% hymexazol and 53.7% guanjunqing 1000- 1500 times of liquid, and spraying water. 2.5% Leteshi Suspension Concentrate 2,000 times solution for root irrigation.
1 1. Harmful symptoms and control methods of vegetable downy mildew?
Symptoms of victimization: The diseased leaves are angular, initially soaked in water, and gradually turn yellow-brown. When wet, a white or black mold layer grows on the back of the lesion, and the lesion is dry and sometimes broken in the later stage.
Pesticide control methods: 800~ 1000 times of 70% thiophanate, 500~600 times of 53% carbendazim in Jin Lei, 500 times of 70% mancozeb, 800 times of 72.2% carbofuran, 400 times of 46% antivirus alum, 500 times of 75% chlorothalonil.
12. Harmful symptoms and control methods of vegetable leaf spot disease (black spot disease, white spot disease, spot disease and brown spot disease)?
Hazard symptoms: the lesion is round or oval, gray mold grows on the lesion when it is wet, and the leaves turn yellow in the later stage.
Chemical control methods: 75% chlorothalonil 600 times, 70% mancozeb 500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl 800~ 1000 times, 1000% world high 800~ 1000 times, and 50% carbendazim 500 times.
Iii. Precautions for Pesticides in Greenhouse Vegetables
There is a lot of humidity and water vapor in the greenhouse, especially in the greenhouse made of general film, the top is easy to drip and the temperature is high. Therefore, attention should be paid to the use of drugs in greenhouses: ① the liquid medicine should not be too strong; (2) When spraying, the pesticide should be applied downwards from the top of the plant; (3) the liquid medicine cannot be dripped. Otherwise, the liquid medicine will burn the lower leaves of plants.
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