The other is a bonsai with rocks or rock substitutes as the main material, which is called landscape bonsai.

Other categories:

tree penjing

Stump bonsai takes trees as the main material and rocks, figures, birds and animals as the foil. Through flattening, pruning, shaping and other means, after long-term artistic processing and horticultural cultivation, the landscape of wild trees in the basin is shown, which is collectively called stump bonsai.

China stump bonsai has various shapes. According to the different kinds of wood used, it can be divided into conifers, miscellaneous trees, flowers and fruits, rare bonsai plants and lianas. According to the height of roots, stems, branches, crowns, shapes and pots, trees can be divided into five specifications: the height or crown width exceeds 150 cm, 80 ~ 150 cm is large /40 ~ 80 cm is medium, and 10 ~ 40 cm is small and less than 65438. Among them, super-large, large and medium-sized ones are mostly ancient stumps, while small and miniature ones are generally obtained through seedling raising and old-fashioned cutting.

Stump bonsai has ever-changing shapes and different tastes, and some trees are tall and majestic, vigorous and powerful; Some are simple and natural, quiet and elegant; Some hang their roots and claws, and their branches are crooked; Some branches and leaves are sparse and graceful; Some are fruitful and colorful. Although the posture is different and the charm is myriad, it can be summarized as follows:

Natural stump bonsai

Natural stump is a bonsai art form based on the natural growth of natural trees and the author's aesthetic feeling. This kind of bonsai is most suitable for reflecting the poetry and sculpture skills of stump bonsai. Most of the creations of Lingnan School's stump bonsai are mainly natural stump bonsai. Natural stumps are generally divided into the following types:

Direct drying bonsai

The trunk of the pile head is upright or basically upright, and the branches are horizontal and majestic, with distinct layers and good density, which has great potential. Direct-stem stump bonsai can be divided into single-stem, double-stem and multi-stem forms. Trees such as pine, cypress, arhat, elm, Chinese fir, five-needle pine, money pine and six trees in the snow are usually used for modeling and landscape.

Inclined dry bonsai

The trunk leans to one side, generally slightly curved, and the branches spread out of the basin. The whole modeling is stable in danger and vivid, which embodies the unified artistic effect of the balance of dynamic and static changes of the tree. Many plants are planted separately, and one or two plants are planted together. Most bonsai trees are suitable for this form. The most common ones are Podocarpus, juniper, Begonia, Plum Blossom, Liuzi in Snow, Ginkgo and so on.

Hanging stone bonsai

The trunk of the pile head hangs on the basin surface, like hanging upside down on the rock wall. It has a unique artistic effect. Suspended rock type can be divided into: large suspended rock type, the trunk of which exceeds the basin bottom; Semi-suspended rock type (small-scale type), although the trunk floats outside the basin, the trunk droops less than the bottom of the basin. Commonly used stumps such as arhat pine, five-needle pine, golden marble, Liulixue, begonia, elm and so on.

Ordinary stump bonsai

Regular stump is a kind of stump handed down by bonsai makers in past dynasties, which has certain modeling formula and technical program. Some early bonsai schools in China have retained their own regular modeling techniques and styles, such as Chengdu, Sichuan, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places.

Chuanpai zhengdui landscape

Chuanpai stump bonsai is made of brown silk (that is, the trunk and branches are wrapped with brown silk in a semicircle and then trimmed). In the initial modeling, it is mainly coiled, and then supplemented and trimmed to make it reach the required shape. Its modeling methods include falling method, falling method after closing the bay, turning method, rolling dragon and holding column method, square turning method, three-bend and nine-turn method and big-bend and vertical method. Flat-branch regular type, flat-branch flower type, semi-flat semi-roll type, small roll type and large roll type (5 technologies).

Yang pai Zheng dui landscape

Yangzhou's regular stumps are more casual in shape, paying attention to the "cloud slice" style of branches and the use of brown silk, which is called "brown method". Yangzhou bonsai is mainly based on early cultivation and artificial cutting, and mainly based on fine cutting. As many as 1 1 species are used in autumn. The branches are flat, that is, the cloud 1~2 layer, which is called "desktop". When bending, the branches are not straight.

The landscape of the Soviet school is piling up

The traditional stumps of Suzhou bonsai are mostly regular, generally in the shape of "six sets supporting one roof" or "two bends and a half" or "three bends and a half".

Huizhou regular pile landscape

The traditional posture of Huizhou bonsai is "Youlong" and "Twist", that is, Mopan Bend, while "Youlong Style" is mostly used to make plum piles, and "Mopan Style" is mostly used to make juniper, yellow pine and other tree species. The traditional stumps of Huizhou School are usually roughly tied and pruned with materials such as brown rope, brown silk, brown shawl (palm leaves) and ramie, and tied with bamboo pieces as auxiliary lining.

Landscape bonsai

Landscape bonsai is a bonsai landscape composed of mountains, stones, grass and trees arranged in pots, and various stones are the main materials for this kind of bonsai modeling. Because of the different geographical environment of bonsai creation schools, the stone materials of landscape bonsai are also diverse, each with one or several representative stone bonsai.

Sandstone bonsai

Mainly produced in southwest Sichuan, it is the main material of traditional Sichuan landscape bonsai. Sandstone is formed by long-term scouring and accumulation of heding sandstone layer by water flow. Sandstone is divided into cyan and yellow in color, cyan belongs to calcareous sandstone, commonly called blue sand; Yellow belongs to iron sandstone with heavy iron content, which is generally called yellow sand. At the same time, due to the different deposition times of sand, there are old and tender: it is formed after long scouring, with deep cementation, high hardness, strong rigidity, strong lines, rich and diverse lines and obvious lines, commonly known as old sand; On the other hand, the scouring age is not long, the cementation degree is not high, the hardness is low, the grain is large and the outline is obvious, but the grain depth is not obvious and it is relatively simple, commonly known as tender sand. Because sand can be divided into big, small, coarse and fine sand, it can also be divided into fine sand and coarse sand. If the sand content is low and the argillaceous composition is high, it is also called mudstone. Sandstone is a hard stone, which has certain water absorption and is easy to grow moss. Because of its good shape, it can be combined with a little processing, which is especially suitable for expressing the characteristics of Sichuan bonsai, such as high, hanging, steep and deep, and the sword peak standing on the wall.

Luguanshi bonsai

Produced all over the country, such as Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and parts of the north, it is the stone chosen by some bonsai schools in the country. The color is khaki or orange, and the stone body is covered with criss-crossing tubular holes with different surface hardness. Basically, it belongs to soft rock, which is easy to be covered by moss, has strong water absorption and is easy to process and shape, and is suitable for the landscape combination of Qifeng strange cave. But when processing, don't use too much force, or it will break easily. Reed stone generally has two kinds: thick tube and thin tube. The thick tube is commonly known as bamboo tube and the thin tube is commonly known as wheat straw stone. Large reed stones are also used for garden pools and revetment modeling. Those with high hardness and few tubular parts are generally called magmatic rocks.

Tree-stone combined bonsai

We often use multiple stumps to combine landscaping, and mix them with rocks, grasses, pavilions, boats, people, birds and animals to form various poetic bonsai landscapes. In the current bonsai creation, it is becoming the new mainstream of bonsai modeling category. This kind of bonsai is neither a landscape bonsai nor a pure stump bonsai. Because of its ownership, it has caused controversy in previous bonsai appraisal exhibitions and affected the awards. People have different names for it, some are called flood and drought bonsai, some are called dry pots, some are called jungle bonsai, and some are called jungle bonsai, because they are mainly composed of many trees or stumps. In our opinion, these names are only determined from a certain picture or a certain modelling technique of bonsai landscape. It is not appropriate to define its category nature from the aspects of water surface and no water surface, or just how many trees are combined. This kind of bonsai is mainly composed of stumps (multiple plants), and at the same time, it is composed of stones and other materials, so it should be called "tree-stone combination" bonsai. It is a bonsai landscape composed of more than three stumps combined with stones and ornaments in a certain space, and its main shaping materials are stumps and stones.

The landscape style of tree and stone combined bonsai is extremely rich, but in terms of modeling combination techniques, it is generally divided into "flood and drought" and "drought".

The stump of the tree-stone bonsai is not the original shape of the tree, but a plastic artwork with a certain style and posture formed after years of processing according to the needs of landscape conception. That is to say, in the modeling of tree and stone bonsai, the stump material is a stump with a certain modeling style, which is upright, pitching, sitting or flying obliquely, with complete size and thickness. Its combination mode should have a certain sense of ups and downs and rhythm in the picture basin. The basin surface is asymmetrical and scattered, and the elevation is equilateral triangle. The key points of modeling combination are basically the same as those of landscape bonsai. The "knot" of "bearing, turning, knotting and closing" is generally completed by loose stones or ornaments, which may not be in the form of opening and closing, but also in the form of opening and closing once or many times.

The use of trees and stones is also diversified due to differences in regional schools. Although there are basic modeling rules of "starting, bearing, turning, knot and combination", they have changed too much and have no specific modeling style, which is a comprehensive expression of bonsai artists' cultivation, modeling skills and cultural literacy.

Miniature combined bonsai

The standard of miniature bonsai is generally limited to less than 10 cm (or 15 cm), and it must be assembled and configured on an antique shelf with more than 5 pots.

Miniature bonsai originated earlier. There were "some sub-landscapes" with smaller specifications in the Yuan Dynasty. It is called "Pocket Bonsai" in modern times. Although small in size, it is small, exquisite and exquisite. There is a natural state in which Cang Shi hangs his roots and shows his claws, and some still show the moving landscape of the motherland. "Like a hazy sky, the sun and the moon are clearly in the pot." Don't be surprised by other people's narrow minds, and never stand straight without a scratch. A good miniature bonsai does have the meaning of "looking down on the earth". Due to the limitations of modern people's living conditions and artistic requirements, miniature bonsai has developed rapidly. For example, in a corner of a room, put one or several antique shelves made of mahogany, rosewood, purple bamboo and tree roots, and put various miniature stumps, landscape bonsai or other ornaments on them, which has a great effect on beautifying the room and cultivating people's temperament.

Miniature combined bonsai, because of its exquisite plants and rocks, needs basin frame, several frames, pots, ornaments and so on. The choice of pots and pans must be quaint. Fine ones, such as Yixing Zisha miniature pottery pots and glazed tile pottery pots, and some excellent magnetic pots can also be used. The shape can be diversified, such as circle, square, rectangle, etc. Sector, oval, etc. Can also be equipped with square and round pots with shallow mouth, deep mouth and thousand tubes according to planting requirements. The color of the pot can also be diversified, such as purple sand, white, sky blue, light yellow, deep red and so on. , can blend quietly, quiet and elegant, beautiful and bright, simple and solemn. In short, it should be in harmony with the color of the plants planted, and should be rich in contrast and change. At the same time, the camera should be hung upside down and tilted vertically in the attitude of trees. Miniature landscape bonsai generally uses white marble pots and light Yixing pottery glaze pots.

Miniature bonsai are generally placed in groups because of their small size, and the requirements for several shelves are also very high. The shapes of several shelves are generally two types: floor-standing shelves and desktop shelves. Floor-standing frames are generally tall and often staggered. They can be placed directly on the ground, can also lean against an indoor wall or corner, and can also be used as a partition of indoor space. There are antique stands, high-altitude stands, piano stands, long tables, semi-circular or round tables, high-low combined stands and so on. Among them, the table needs to be staggered with several desks. Desktop shelves are generally short and should be placed on a table with a certain height, combined with undulating miniature bonsai. Common ones are square, rectangular, round, oval, begonia-shaped, fan-shaped, scroll-shaped, assorted-shaped, polygonal, nested, high-low and so on. There are usually several kinds of wood, bamboo, tree roots, ceramics and so on.

wooden shelf

Wooden frame is one of the most commonly used miniature combined bonsai frames or Bo Gu exhibition frames. Usually fine workmanship, diverse styles, carved decorations or lines on the floor. Usually made of hardwood such as mahogany, rosewood, ginkgo, teak, nanmu, cypress and boxwood, rosewood is the most common, and rosewood is more precious. Generally, the color is dark or dark red, and traditional earth paint or water mill paint is the best.

Several bamboo frames

Bamboo frames are mostly spotted bamboo or purple bamboo, or ordinary bamboo, which can be painted with varnish.

A few roots

A few roots are generally made of natural roots and shaped into several root carvings with certain artistic characteristics. The outer layer can be polished and painted, full of natural interest.

Several ceramic shelves

Several sets of ceramics are generally vertical pottery, and the dosage is small.

Because the lines of miniature combined bonsai plants are simple and exquisite, but they require a certain old posture, plants generally choose trees with small branches and leaves, pruning resistance, low stems and slow growth, such as snow, gold marble, tiger thorn, truth, robot, Fujian tea, five-needle pine, black pine, boxwood and elm. Because its pots and pans are small, the soil can not be configured too much, and the water loss is fast, so it must be carefully maintained and managed. Water frequently, prune frequently, avoid exposure to the sun, avoid heavy fertilizer, and get good light. It is best to turn over the pot once in winter, song and spring and put in new culture. Generally, as long as it is not on display, it can be placed in a sand bed or sand table for daily maintenance and humidity maintenance.