First, improper tree selection. In the early stage of apple planting in China, the tree shape with sparse planting and big crown has been used, which takes a long time to form. In the late 1950s, after Qiao Hua's close planting appeared, the tree was changed from a big crown to a middle crown, such as a cylinder. Dwarf and dense planting appeared in the 1970s, and the tree shape changed accordingly, such as small crown sparse layer shape and spindle shape. However, due to the long history of sparsely planted tree stocks, some orchards still follow the tree shape of tree stocks and then change to densely planted tree stocks or short stocks. Although some changes have been made, there are still some bad tendencies, such as large crown, long shaping time, late fruiting, poor lighting conditions, unstable yield and low quality.
In order to correct the above bad tendency, we should pay attention to choosing different tree shapes according to different site conditions, varieties and planting densities, but we should not stick to a certain tree shape, but trim the tree and shape it with branches. For the existing orchards, according to the different planting density and crown size, they can be gradually transformed into suitable similar trees. Orchards with low planting density can be transformed into sparse layered trees with small crowns; Orchards with high planting density can be transformed into slender spindles, free spindles or cylinders; For orchards with high crown and poor ventilation and light transmission, you can have fun. However, no matter what tree shape is adopted, the transformation should not be rushed and the pruning amount should not be too large, so as not to affect the output.
Second, the tree structure is unreasonable. A good tree structure should be low stem and short crown, flat crown, clear affiliation, few main branches and many branchlets. However, at present, some orchards are not divided into master and slave, with many big branches, crowded or overlapping, few branchlets, backlight and small fruits, which are only distributed on the surface, with low yield and poor benefits. For this kind of orchard, we should first straighten out the subordinate relationship, gradually clean up too many big branches, increase the fruiting parts, and improve the yield and efficiency.
For orchards with unclear affiliation, we should first straighten out the affiliation, gradually remove redundant branches, cultivate fruiting branches inside and outside the crown and increase fruiting parts; If you are too weak to support, you can also change it into a happy shape; For trees with strong upper part and weak lower part, the seed setting of the middle trunk can be increased one by one, the number of branches can be reduced, the vigorous growth of the upper part can be inhibited, and the lower branches can be promoted; For trees that are happy because the crown is too high, you can bend the branches to be thinned first, and then gradually thin them after the results slow down, so that the yield of the year will not be affected and the trees will not return to prosperity; For trees that are strong and weak, pruning measures can be taken to suppress the lower and promote the upper, and gradually adjust them to make them balanced; For the tufted crown with too small branch angle, some big branches can be thinned appropriately, and the rest can be pulled apart, and the branchlets can be smoothed out and slowly become flowers; Trees with strong external strength and weak internal strength can be gradually adjusted by slow external support and internal support; For orchards with too many branches and dense ventilation, the number of big branches should be gradually reduced, and they should be thinned out or transformed into fruiting branches.
Third, the permanent branches and temporary branches are not handled properly, there are many invalid branches, and the tree skeleton is not firm. Most of these orchards do not pay attention to shaping after planting, but only leave more auxiliary branches for more fruits, which are not cleaned in time after fruiting, resulting in more and more temporary auxiliary branches, weaker main branches and more chaotic trees. It is right to use temporary auxiliary branches during the period of young trees, but we should insert and select as many auxiliary branches as possible on the basis of cultivating the tree skeleton, and take various measures to promote its flowering and fruiting as soon as possible. However, after 3 to 5 years of fruiting, it is necessary to deal with it in time, and at the same time, the fruiting part should be gradually transferred from the auxiliary branch to the permanent backbone branch. However, the treatment of auxiliary branches should not be rushed, but should be carried out on the premise of not affecting the yield, not restoring the prosperity of the tree and maintaining a certain tree shape. For the temporary auxiliary branch stronger than the main branch, the backbone branch can also be replaced by a suitable post; For trees with strong upper crown caused by too many auxiliary branches, we can adjust the balance tree potential by dealing with some auxiliary branches.
Fourth, the pruning is not careful, and the renewal and rejuvenation are not timely, which leads to excessive branches and disordered trees, and some of them migrate outward. This kind of orchard is mostly caused by too light pruning, too long letting go, too long uniaxial elongation and no timely retraction and renewal. At present, in production, some orchards simply emphasize light pruning, long planting and multi-branching, only for early fruit, ignoring plastic surgery, focusing on the immediate and ignoring the long term. As a result, too many branches were left, which affected the long-term high and stable yield, although the early high yield was obtained. For this kind of orchard, on the premise of selecting and retaining the backbone branches, it is necessary to remove too many and too dense branches, retract the branches with too long uniaxial extension, expose the branches behind them, and promote the development of new branches to increase and expand the fruiting parts. In some orchards, when pruning, the extension direction of outward branches is not paid attention to, and the leaves of pruning buds are not in the right position, so that some inward branches are pulled, and summer pruning is not carried out, which disturbs the tree shape. For this kind of orchard, we should gradually adjust the extension direction of each main branch and transform it into a certain tree shape.
Attachment: Apple Tree Pruning Technology (local standard of Shandong Province)
(DB/3700 B3 1025-90)
1. Subject content and scope of application
This standard stipulates the principles of apple tree shaping and pruning, suitable tree shape and pruning technology.
This standard is applicable to all apple producing areas in Shandong Province.
2. Reference standards
Db/3700b31011apple field structure
DB/3700 B3 1022 technical specification for apple short branch cultivation
3. The principle of plastic trimming
3. 1 Because trees are pruned, trees are shaped with branches. According to the characteristics of varieties, site conditions, cultivation methods and the growth and fruiting of trees, suitable tree forms are selected to cultivate high-yield tree structures.
3.2 Tree potential is balanced and the affiliation is clear. According to the structural requirements of high-yield trees, the growth of similar trees is roughly the same, and the backbone branches at all levels maintain good affiliation.
3.3 To control the competitive branches and use the auxiliary branches, we must pay great attention to control and handle the competitive branches near the extended branches, and pay attention to cultivating and using the auxiliary branches in the young tree period.
3.4 The weight should be moderate, and the pruning amount of strong trees and strong branches should be light, mainly thinning, supplemented by short cutting; The pruning amount of weak branches of weak trees is heavier, mainly short cutting, supplemented by thinning branches. In the full fruit period, flowers should be picked and branches should be cultivated, and regeneration, rejuvenation and pruning should be combined.
4. Suitable tree shape
4. 1 Tree trunk sparse layer shape and happy natural shape: it shall conform to the provisions of DB/3700b3101.
4.2 Sparse layer shape and free spindle shape of small crown: it shall conform to the provisions of DB/3700 B3 1022.
5. Pruning technology
5. 1 Pruning at different ages
5. 1. 1 young tree pruning
5. 1. 1 fixed stem: according to the dry height of the tree to be cultivated, leave about 10 cm for cutting. There must be 6 ~ 8 full buds in the plastic belt.
5. 1. 1.2 Select and keep the main branch: according to the meristem of the branch and the tree shape to be cultivated, select the robust branch with suitable growth position and cultivate it as the main branch. The cutting length of extension branches depends on the potential, generally 30 ~ 50 cm.
5. 1. 1.3 Selection and retention of lateral branches: According to the requirements of the trees to be cultivated, select the branches with strong growth and suitable opening angle on the main branches and keep them as lateral branches for cultivation.
5. 1.65438+ The diameter of the auxiliary branch is not greater than 1/2 of the diameter of the main branch, and the opening angle is greater than or close to the level of the main branch.
5. 1. 1.5 pruning amount: pruning in winter, the pruning amount accounts for 10% ~ 20% of the total branch amount of the whole tree. Summer scissors. The pruning amount shall not exceed 30% of the total branches of the whole tree at most.
5. 1.2 Pruning at the first fruit stage
5. 1.2. 1 cultivation of backbone branches: according to the requirements of suitable tree structure, continue to select, retain and cultivate backbone branches at all levels. The cutting length of extension branches is slightly shorter than that of young trees.
5. 1.2.2 Adjust the auxiliary branch
A. Adjustment principle: Temporary auxiliary branches make way for permanent backbone branches. Mainly thinning, completed year by year.
B. year adjustment: most varieties are 6-7 years old and prosperous (marshal line, etc.). ) they are all 8-9 years old.
C. Adjustment method: Sparse and eliminate intensive extrusion, contraction and shear crossing, and control growth and uniaxial extension.
5. 1.2.3 culture fruiting branch group
A. Branches: mainly middle branchlets, supplemented by big branches. Small branches should account for 60% ~ 70% of the total branches, medium branches account for 20% ~ 30%, and large branches account for less than 10%.
B. Landing direction
The main branch is mainly inclined back, supplemented by two sides; The lateral branches are mainly on both sides, supplemented by the upper and lower backs; The branch group on the main branch of 1 layer accounts for about 70% of the total branch group; Branches on the main branches of the above layers account for about 30% of the total branches.
C. Cultivation methods
First release and then shrink: the golden mean makes the vegetative branches tilt, first slowly release, then gradually shrink and cut after the front part becomes flowers, so as to promote the growth of branches and cultivate them into fruiting branches. Suitable for Marshal and Fuji varieties.
First cut and then put: oblique middle branches, first short cut to promote the growth of branches, blossom and bear fruit, and cultivate into bearing branches. Suitable for Guoguang, Jinguan, green banana and other varieties.
5. 1.2.4 crown adjustment
A. Balance the tree potential: in line with the principle of "restraining the strong and helping the weak, giving priority to helping the weak", deal with them separately.
Strong branches: open corners, thin branches, and more flowers and fruits.
Weak branches: light and short branches promote growth, leaving flowers and few fruits.
B. Control the tree height: when reaching or exceeding the appropriate tree height, slow down the extended branches of the middle trunk, or re-cut the appropriate branches below.
5. 1.3 Pruning at full fruit stage
5. 1.3. 1 complete shaping: according to the requirements suitable for the tree structure, cultivate and equip the backbone branches at all levels.
5. 1.3.2 Adjust the tree structure
A. Dense light transmission: Densely remove the branches that are too dense, widen the distance of the leaf curtain, and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions in the crown.
B. Sparse the outside and nourish the inside: reduce the number of outer branches in the crown and promote the growth of inner branches.
C. "Happy" when the head falls: when the crown is over the appropriate height, the central trunk will shrink on the branches at the appropriate planting position. The falling branches open at an angle of about 30.
5. 1.3.3 The fruiting part transits from the auxiliary branch to the main branch: the key point is to cultivate and maintain the fruiting branch on the main branch.
5. 1.3.4 Pruning of fruiting branches
A. Maintenance pruning
Weakly moderate branches grow first on a single axis; "Three sets of branches" pruning: adjust the proportion of branches in the bearing branch group, some branches bear fruit in the same year, some branches bloom in the same year, and some short branches bloom in the next year.
B. rejuvenation and pruning
Keep strong branches and buds in the branches, and remove weak branches and buds; Shrink and cut at the branches with growth ability.
5.2 Pruning of Different Plant Types
5.2. 1 flourishing tree: light cutting, long planting, multiple branches and sparse flourishing branches. Use less medium weight short cut, or don't use medium weight short cut.
5.2.2 Average tree: moderate pruning, pruning, and promoting alternate fruiting.
5.2.3 Weak branches: The pruning amount is large, and the pruning methods mainly adopt short cutting and truncated cutting, so as to update the backbone branches and branches, and pay attention to thinning out weak branches and retaining strong branches.
5.2.4 Large and small annual trees
5.2.4. 1 After the New Year: Prune as many buds as possible in winter. Cut short and medium vegetative branches, promote the growth of branches, increase the number of branches, and promote the next year's flowering.
After primary school in 5.2.4.2: On the premise of keeping enough fruits, some flower buds at the top of short branches should be cut off properly in winter pruning, and flower buds should be cut off gently in medium and long fruit branches. Properly slow down the medium and short vegetative branches to promote the next year's flowering. The peripheral branches are slightly heavier and shorter.
5.3 Pruning technical standards
5.3. 1 pruning period
5.3. 1. 1 winter cutting: it should be done after defoliation in autumn and before germination in the following spring. Winter "drainage" area is not suitable for winter logging.
A. Pruning amount: the pruning amount of young trees accounts for 10% ~ 20% of the total branches, and the pruning amount of trees in full fruit period accounts for about 30%.
B. Pruning method: the ratio of slow-release branches to short-cut branches of young trees is10:1; The variety suitable for continuous cropping is 10∶2. Results The ratio of slow-release branches to short branches was 10∶3, and the maximum was 10∶4.
5.3. 1.2 summer planting: after germination, it shall be carried out before the end of July.
A. Pruning amount: Pruning amount in summer accounts for 10% ~ 20% of the total branch amount, with a maximum of 30%.
B. Pruning method: According to the purpose of pruning, methods such as coring, twisting tip, girdling, girdling, taking branches and thinning tip can be adopted respectively.
5.3. 1.3 Delayed pruning: The winter pruning of Wangshu and Wang Zhi should be postponed until after germination, especially when the top new shoots are 3 ~ 5cm long.
A. Pruning amount: light pruning is appropriate, and the pruning amount accounts for 10% ~ 20% of the total branch amount.
B. Pruning method: same as winter pruning.
5.3. 1.4 autumn pruning: it is appropriate to prune the lateral buds 1 month (mid-August) after they enter the summer dormancy period.
A. thinning: the number of thinning branches should not be too much, and the degree should be based on improving the light in the crown.
B coring: the tip length is 3 ~ 5cm, and the maximum length is 15cm.
Pruning method
6.5438+0 nipple
A. For light-cutting varieties, such as Guoguang, 65,438+00% of the inner hole branches are short-cut, and the highest is 20%.
B 20% ~ 30% of the developing branches of heavy-cut varieties such as Jinguan and Green Banana are medium, heavy and short branches.
C. the short weight cut during the full fruit period shall not exceed 40%.
D the medium, heavy and short cut of young trees should be about 30%.
Records of 5.3.2.2
A. the thinning amount of young trees shall not exceed 5% of the total branches.
B. The thinning amount of strong trees is 5% ~ 10%, and that of weak trees is 20% ~ 50%.
5.3.2.3 shrinkage shear
A. When cultivating permanent fruiting branches, moderate and severe pruning accounts for about 10%.
B. For the branches laid slowly after 2-3 years of full fruit, lightly cut 30%-50%. The shrinkage of weak branch group accounts for about 10%.
5.3.2.4 sustained-release agent
A. Young flourishing trees: the intermediate branches of heavy-cut varieties are slowly released by 80% ~ 90%, and the intermediate branches of light-cut varieties are slowly released by 100% (or light-cut).
B. The intermediate branches of annual trees are slowly released by about 50%, and young trees account for about 30%.
5.3.2.5 pulled the branches.
A. Main branches: the opening angle of the main branches on the first floor is above 60, and the opening angle of the side branches is above 70. The smaller the crown, the larger the opening angle, and the spindle can be opened horizontally.
B. Auxiliary branch: Pull to level or above 90.
5.3.2.6 girds his waist.
A. Branchlets: from the end of May to the end of June, the girdling width is 1 ~ 2 mm, and the branch diameter is110. The number of girdling branches accounts for about 20% ~ 30% of the total number of branches, and does not exceed 30% at most.
B. trunk: from late may to the end of June. The girdling width is 6 ~ 10 mm, and it should be properly protected.
5.3.2.7 cut: Before germination, cut the bud or branch into crescent shape at 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm, reaching the xylem, with a length of 0.8 cm. Cutting with a hacksaw is effective.
5.3.2.8 Branch (stroking): Young and flourishing trees stand upright and grow new branches. In July and August, their angles are stroked to the level.
Heart:
A. Remove the new blade tip by 5 ~10cm.
B the amount of coring in spring shall not exceed 5% of the total amount of new shoots.
5.4 overall and local related pruning
5.4. 1 Prune the extended branches correctly.
5.4. 1. 1 medium long branch: short cut at the high-quality bud outside the middle of the long branch, excluding other competitive branches and over-dense branches.
5.4. 1.2 Overflourishing and long branches: lightly cut the full buds outside the middle of autumn shoots, continuously carve 3-4 buds, promote germination, sparse the long branches on the back, and weaken the branches by using wounds.
5.4. 1.3 Extension branches of cross trees: throw them away, do not cut them, and then shrink them back to cultivate new heads.
5.4. 1.4 Weak branches: Cut off the full bud in the middle, and leave side branches under it, but the branches must be staggered, with obvious potential difference and branch spacing, so as to avoid injury caused by sparse nearby branches.
5.4. 1.5 quality of branches and buds: select branches and buds with short nodes, full buds, suitable direction and direction, and coordinated stress.
5.4. 1.6 Over-strong and long branches: select strong and long branches to keep seeds, or the twigs under them weaken the branch potential.
5.4. 1.7 Over-weak branch: select the strong middle branch without heading, change the potential, reduce the top flowers and fruits of the branch, and avoid the damage caused by thinning, or select the strong branch of 3-5 years old for branch shrinkage regeneration.
5.4. 1.8 Lengthening the length of cutting branches: stably growing trees cut branches at full buds in the middle of long branches; The flourishing branches of young trees and flourishing trees are cut short when the buds expire in the autumn shoots; Young trees and flourishing trees can temporarily slow down without cutting when passing through flourishing branches, and then gently shrink outside the outgoing short branches in the following winter; The weak branches and strong branches are cut again at the middle and lower parts with full buds, and the weak trees are too weak to be updated.
5.4. 1.9 Method of adjusting the direction of branches and buds: According to the development direction and orientation of branches, guide pulling branches and short cutting external buds are adopted. In order to open the angle, the outer lower branches, buds and lateral branches and buds can be truncated; In order to improve the branching angle or reduce the plane included angle, it can be cut off at the lateral upper bud, branch, lateral bud and inner branch; In order to balance the branch potential, it can be cut short alternately.
5.4.2 "disorderly branches" cleaning
5.4.2. 1 "disorderly branches" refer to oversized branches, competitive branches, clustered branches, slender branches, pests and diseases, invalid branches, etc. The principle of cleaning is thinning, supplemented by retraction. Don't thin too many branches at a time, and don't have more than three big branches in a year.
Treatment of big branches in 5.4.2.2: For big branches that affect the light and destroy the master-slave relationship, such as transitional layer branches, fishbone-like redundant side branches, outdoor side branches at the root of main branches on the second floor, etc., they should be cut off in time. Leave as many twigs as possible after thinning, and cut less to slow down growth.
Treatment of competitive branches in 5.4.2.3: Treat the competitive branches at the top of branches for more than one time. If the quantity is too large, methods such as thinning branches and extremely heavy cutting can be adopted to avoid too many injuries at one time.
Treatment of temporary branches in 5.4.2.4: strictly select soft branches with large angle and good bud quality as temporary branches; Temporary branches should not be clustered, opposite and rotating; Uniaxial stretching is required to minimize side branches; Can't affect the permanent growth and light. Temporary branches that do not meet the above conditions should be properly drained or retracted.
Treatment of branchlets in the crown of 5.4.2.5: The arrangement of branchlets in the crown is disordered, with long cross and different strengths, which should be cleaned in time. The principle of cleaning is: except for strong thinning, weak bracing and middle throwing, the long uniaxial branches are slightly retracted.
A. strong branches or strong branch groups: thinning strong upright branches and long branches. The upright and strong branches in the middle and outside of the main branches should also be cut in time. Telescopic transformation of the middle and lower upright branches.
B. slender branches and invalid branches: when the branches in the crown are arranged in disorder, the slender and hairy middle branches and perennial cone-shaped invalid short branches should be thinned out in time.
C, for long uniaxial perennial branches, according to the principle of dense branches and bright branches, select the best to eliminate the bad, shrink it lightly, and shrink it loose year by year.
D, sparse and dense over-strong and over-weak branches, avoiding the formation of over-strong centers, and achieving group potential balance year by year.
5.4.3 High-quality transformation means that after pruning, the quality of the retained branch buds and regenerated new branches (buds) is better than that of the original branch buds.
5.4.3.7 should be cultivated first, then changed: whether the branches (buds) can be improved mainly depends on the amount of stored nutrients and the differentiation of buds. Branches with poor shoot quality store less nutrients, such as short cutting and retraction, and the regenerated branches are weak. The heavier the short cutting and retraction, the weaker the shoot quality. Therefore, for branchlets with a certain nutritional level and bud source, it should be cultivated first and then replaced, that is, slowly released first and then shrunk, so as to improve their branchlets and bud quality.
In 5.4.3.2, there are too many weak middle and short branches among weak trees and weak branches. In order to improve the bud quality of branches, weak, medium and short branches should be thinned, accounting for about 30% ~ 40% of the total number of branches.
5.4.3.3: When there are strong branches or branches in the crown, the strong branches and strong branches should be thinned out, and the medium branches should be thrown away to promote the growth of weak branches.
5.4.3.4 does not cut "buds" when pruning: the lateral buds on weak branches are thin and the top buds are of good quality. In order to make the hair branch stronger, it can be shrunk to the dominant strong branch, and the leading branch is not short, keeping the terminal bud advantage.
5.4.3.5's long uniaxial branches are retracted, and the long uniaxial branches can't form flower buds for many years, so they should be slightly shrunk to make them stronger.
When cultivating orange trees, they should be pruned every spring and autumn. When pruning orange trees in spring, the branches that grow too long should be cut sho