Sanghua
In order to commemorate the immortal feats of great men, some countries use crystal coffins to protect their remains, so that their faces will last forever and be paid attention to by future generations. In fact, this medical method of preserving human remains has been applied by human beings as early as 65438+80' s. There is such a crystal coffin in Vinnitsa, southwestern Ukraine, which contains the body of a great Russian surgeon and a little-known history.
Drive 300 kilometers from Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, and you will come to the picturesque Vinnitsa state. In the southwest suburb of Venica, there is a manor museum hidden in green trees. Nikolai Pirogov, a famous Russian surgeon, a scholar and educator who made great contributions to human surgery, studied, worked and lived here until his death. His students successfully preserved his body by medical methods. One hundred years have passed, and his face is lifelike and kind as sleep, so that the world will always remember his great achievements.
The museum has a beautiful name-Cherry Manor. Cherry trees are born around, with long spring and long autumn, which has become a living witness to the great contribution of doctors to Russian and world medicine.
Four Contributions of Medical Wizards
Pirogov was born in a military family,1805165438+1kloc-0/3, and he ranked ninth among 14 brothers and sisters. Musin Meng Qi, a professor at Moscow University, realized his passion for medicine. At that time, one of his brothers suffered from severe rheumatism, which could not be cured for a long time. Parents pinned their hopes on the famous doctor Musin at that time. Musin realized this dream for them and became Pirogov's "Bole". Little Pirogov was shocked by his younger brother's recovery. He began to play the role of Mu Xin and became a little doctor at home. At Musin's suggestion, Pirogov was admitted to Moscow University at the age of 14, when his parents lied about his age. At that time, the age limit for going to college was 16. After four years' study, Pirogov was rated as one of the top 20 Russian college students and sent to a college in Jelter (now Tartu, Estonia) to train medical experts for Russian universities. During his five years there, Pirogov chose surgery as his major. Clever and studious, Pirogov completed her doctoral thesis defense in Latin at the age of 22. After his internship in Germany, he returned to his motherland. At the age of 26, he succeeded the retired teacher and took the lead as the director of surgery. 1 year later, Pirogov began to write his first medical book, Anatomy of Arterial Surgery, and won the highest national medical award.
Pirogov spent 15 years in St. Petersburg, which was the most brilliant period of his medical achievements. He completed several monographs on surgery, anatomy and forensic medicine, and won the National Medicine Award again. 1848, Asian cholera was prevalent in St. Petersburg. Pirogov dissected 800 corpses in six weeks, and soon wrote Pathological Anatomy of Cholera in Asia. Coupled with his later research work on frozen corpses, he won the highest national medical award for four times.
There was no anesthesia in Pirogov's early medical practice, and patients often died on the operating table due to severe shock during surgery. Pirogov is an expert in surgery. He can finish the operation in 2-3 minutes to minimize the pain of the patient. 1846, ether as an anesthetic was recorded in medical history. Pirogov first did an ether experiment on himself. 1in September, 847, he went to the front line of the Caucasus, which was at war. In order to let colleagues see the effect of anesthetics to stop diseases with their own eyes, with the attention of many doctors, Pirogov became the first doctor in the world to operate with anesthetics on the battlefield, and this operation was also his first important contribution to world medicine. Pirogov's second greatest contribution to mankind is that he first invented starch gauze to treat fractures, and later developed into a plaster model for treating fractures today.
1854 went to Sevastopol to participate in the famous Crimean war in history. In the port of Sevastopol, he became the first doctor in the world to classify the wounded in the battlefield, that is, according to the nature of the injuries, the wounded in the battlefield were divided into four categories for transportation. There, he met the famous writer Tolstoy, who was a Russian officer at that time. The great writer took Pirogov as the leading role and wrote the story of Sevastopol. Pirogov's patients include the famous chemist Mendeleev. Mendeleev suffered from heart disease when he was young and was predicted to die young. Pirogov overturned this assertion and asserted that he would live a long life. This assertion was later confirmed: Mendeleev lived for more than 70 years and made great contributions to the creation of the periodic table of elements for mankind. Mendeleev later commented on Pirogov and said, "This is a real doctor. He can see through people and he can diagnose my personality and illness at once."
Pirogov's fourth contribution to the history of world medicine is that he was the first to introduce the term "female nurse" into the history of battlefield medicine. He believes that women's delicacy and gentleness are the best assistants of military doctors, which has also been confirmed today.
After returning from the front, Pirogov wrote articles such as Youth Education, and served as an inspector of Odessa Institute of Education, from medical practice to educational activities. During this period, at his insistence, the school abolished the corporal punishment system. Later, he worked in Kiev for two years, running weekend schools for poor children.
"For me, patients come first."
1859, Pirogov bought Cherry Manor and spent the last few years of his life here. During the 15 years in Cherry Manor, doctors continued to practice medicine while doing academic research to relieve people's illnesses. As a surgeon with rich clinical experience, he saw the inevitable connection between poverty, hunger, ignorance and disease. He said: "In many cases, my prescriptions for patients are milk, meat and bread. Without these things, it is difficult to get therapeutic effects by drugs alone. " "Pirogov not only has all the qualities that a surgeon should have, but also has all the scientific knowledge in his mind. He is like a magician, constantly creating miracles in the desert of surgical medicine. " That's what the medical profession at that time said about him. The patients who came to the manor for treatment came from all over the country. For me, patients come first. To this end, doctors have to operate several times a day for five or six hours in a row.
In the days when the manor lived alone, Pirogov also went abroad to practice medicine several times. 1862 10, he went to Las Paglia, Italy, to diagnose the leg of garibaldi, the leader of the Italian national liberation movement. At that time, the best doctors in Europe tried their best to locate the bullets. After seeing the patient, Pirogov immediately diagnosed and prescribed a prescription, and garibaldi recovered quickly. The trip to Italy not only became a glorious page of Pirogov's contribution to world medicine, but also showed his spirit of internationalism. During the periods of 1870 and 1877- 1878, he went to the front lines of the Franco-Prussian War and the Russian-Turkish War twice and applied his field surgical skills again. Returning to the manor from the front, the doctor wrote several monographs on battlefield surgery.
In Cherry Manor, Pirogov has been paying attention to the sufferings of rural people at the bottom of society. With the foresight of an excellent doctor, he put forward the most urgent tasks of rural medical care: implementing vaccination, closely tracking syphilis infectious diseases, preventing diphtheria, and popularizing health care knowledge to villagers.
There is a quiet bodhi forest vagina in the manor, where doctors like to walk and rest best. But even at rest, he always keeps an operation book in his pocket, and patients can still receive the clinic he never refuses here. 1866, a small clinic was built at the end of the shopping mall in Pirogov for the convenience of receiving patients. A simple pharmacy has also been preserved to this day. Because the manor can't accommodate all the patients who come for treatment, most of the patients are scattered in the farmhouse in the nearby village. At that time, there were more than 90 such farmhouses, which became a unique "hospital". There is a one-and-a-half-storey brick house in the depths of the Manor Museum, which was the residence of Pirogov in those days and the main building of the museum now. On the west side of the house is a wooden balcony for doctors to rest, and the wooden stairs leading to the door on the north side are filled with the hope of visiting patients in batches.
As a permanent memorial
188 1 year 65438+February 5, a generation of famous doctors who suffered from cancer pain died. On the third day after the doctor's death, his student Vyvodtsev came from St. Petersburg to embalm the doctor's body, keep it in a crystal coffin forever, and put it in the catacombs of a church near the manor, so that the world will never forget it. 66 years later, the Doctor's Manor was converted into a museum. There are statues, photos, books, manuscripts and surgical instruments of doctors in several exhibition halls. The doctor's room is neat and elegant, and a table and a chair still smell of the past. Now it has become an educational base for Ukrainian medical students, and more than 10,000 doctors, scholars, workers, farmers and soldiers come here from all over the world every year.
The doctor's heart is neatly recorded on the wall of the main hall of the museum: "I dedicate my life selflessly to the truth and the motherland", and "those who think that the happiness of others is their own happiness are truly happy people and noble human life.
Ferratov
Former Soviet ophthalmologist. Improve corneal transplantation and wound tissue treatment. 1875 was born in mikhailov village, Shalansk county, Penza province, and 1956 10 died in Odessa on October 30. My father is a surgeon and an ophthalmologist. 65438-0892 entered Moscow University Medical College, graduated from 65438-0897, and worked as an ophthalmology resident in the affiliated hospital of Moscow University Medical College. From 1899 to 1903, he was a resident in Moscow Eye Hospital. 65438-0903 worked as a resident in the Department of Ophthalmology of New Russian University in Odessa, and 65438-0906 as a teaching assistant. 1908 published the paper "Study on Cytotoxicity in Ophthalmology" to explore the effects of normal and cytotoxic serum on eyes. 19 1 1 years later, he became the director and professor of ophthalmology at the new Russian university. 1936, the government established the Institute of Ophthalmology in Odessa. During the Great Patriotic War, Ferratov and his students retreated to Tashkent to restore the Ukrainian Ophthalmology Experimental College. Moved back to Odessa after the war. Corneal transplantation was invented before 130 Fei Latov, but he improved the corneal transplantation operation and invented many instruments, especially using cadaveric cornea as transplantation material, which made many blind people see again. Plastic surgery with tubular flap was invented in 19 16, and is widely used in plastic surgery of nose, lips, eyelids, cheeks and fingers. In addition, an extraorbital sinus enucleation was designed, which can completely remove tumor cells from healthy tissues. Tissue therapy was invented in 1933. He thinks that tissues separated from living bodies can produce irritants after refrigeration. If it is implanted into human body, it can improve human function, promote cell metabolism, increase regeneration ability, enhance immune function and promote the cure of diseases. There are many books, the most important ones are ophthalmic tubular flap, tissue therapy, optical corneal transplantation and tissue therapy.
Nikolai Bi rogov (1810-1881year) is the founder of battlefield surgery and surgical experimental anatomy. The first one had an operation on the battlefield (1847). Many important surgical procedures and methods have been proposed.
Sergei Potkin (1832- 1889) is one of the founders of internal medicine. I have studied heart, vascular diseases and infectious diseases. He was the first to set up a laboratory in a Russian hospital to study the physiological and pharmacological characteristics of drugs. The infectivity of viral hepatitis was determined.
Vladimir Bekhterev (1857- 1927), the founder of reflexology, neurology and psychiatry, and the founder of the school, determined the basic principle of spatial positioning of anatomical physiology and made a deep study on the application of hypnotherapy. Bechtelev is the author of Children's Behavior and Social Psychology.
Nikolai Burdenko (1876- 1946), one of the founders of neurosurgery, participated in four wars, and was the founder and first president of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944- 1946), specializing in central and peripheral nervous system diseases (including nervous system swelling) and
Alexander Bakulev (1890- 1967), founder of Russian cardiovascular surgery. Author of surgical works on the treatment of pulmonary and neurological diseases. 1948, the first successful operation to correct congenital heart defect.
Alexander vishnevskiy (1906-1975), the first person to perform heart surgery under local anesthesia (1953), and the first person to perform open heart surgery with domestic artificial blood circulation system (1957). He is the author of Local Anesthesia and Anesthesia in Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Artificial Blood Circulation and Application of Polymers in Surgery.
Gawuliyier Zalov (1921-kloc-0/992) initiated a special medical and therapeutic method (1950), which laid a foundation for the new field of scientific research and application of traumatology and orthopedics. As an outstanding doctor, Yili Zalov Effect discovered the growth and development of muscle tissue during quantitative stretching.
Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927-2000) is an ophthalmologist and the founder of the Moscow Interdepartmental Science and Technology Consortium for Ophthalmic Microsurgery (1986). An intraocular lens was made and implanted in the eye for the first time (1960). 1973, the first in the world to develop an early treatment method for glaucoma, and performed an operation for early treatment of glaucoma. Created a unique surgical treatment method for myopia. He was the first person to use the surgical delivery device in ophthalmic surgery (1979).
Pohris Petrov, born in 1908, is a multi-faceted surgeon. He was the first person in Russia who successfully used heart valve substitutes, developed and applied kidney transplantation and bronchial and tracheal plastic surgery. He contributed to the development of transplantation. Author of a series of books on surgical treatment of esophageal cancer and heart defects.
Valery Shumakov, born in 193 1, is one of the founders of clinical transplantation and an expert in cardiac surgery. 1974, was appointed as the director of the Institute of Organ Transplantation and Artificial Organs of the Russian Ministry of Health. The first successful heart transplantation (1987), liver transplantation and pancreas transplantation in Russia. The founder of artificial organology.
Leonid Roshal, born in 1933, is an expert in pediatric surgery and serious accident medicine. 1982, responsible for emergency surgery and pediatric trauma department of pediatric research center of Russian Academy of Health Sciences. The international first aid working group founded by Rosalie in 1988 is ready to go anywhere in the world to help children. During the terrorist incident of Moscow Dubrovnik Opera House in 2002, Leonid Rochard negotiated with terrorists to rescue children, deliver medicines to the wounded and provide medical first aid to the sick and wounded.