1. Bud carving: Bud carving, also known as eye injury, refers to cutting a crescent-shaped incision 0.2-0.3 cm above (or below) branches or buds with a knife or scissors before the fruit trees germinate in spring, reaching the xylem. When a bud or branch is cut, some nutrients and water can't rise beyond the wound and flow into the bud or branch, thus promoting its vigorous growth; On the contrary, the operation under the bud or branch has the opposite purpose and can reduce its growth ability. Bud carving has a significant effect on increasing the amount of young branches. Pay attention to the following points when carving buds: ① The first four buds under the main branch are not scratched, and the rest buds are scratched every other 10- 15 cm on both sides of the branch, and the upper and lower buds on the back are not treated. (2) Auxiliary branches and upright branches can carve each bud. (3) Branches with slightly flat branch angles and branch diameters less than 0.3cm or more than1.5cm should not be scratched.
2. Bud removal: from spring to early summer, removing useless or harmful branches is called bud removal. Usage of sprouting: ① After pruning long branches or big branches, there are many sprouting tillers near the pruning mouth, which should be removed when sprouting. (2) When pruning young trees, the sprouting branches that hinder the growth of trunk or extension branches of main branches should be removed as soon as possible to facilitate the growth of trunk or main branches. ③ When there are too many new branches as side branches or too many new branches from side branches, some sprouting branches should be removed to avoid dense growth. (4) Fruit trees with short fruiting branches, such as short branches that are too dense, are often due to mutual restraint, so the buds on the short branches cannot be fully differentiated into flower buds, so the branches with weak germination should be properly loosened to make the short branches develop into fruiting branches. Sprouting is mainly to reduce the useless consumption of nutrients, ensure the growth of useful branches and buds, and make the crown ventilated and transparent. Over-germinated buds on the back of branches can be wiped once every 20-30 cm. Sometimes, in order to protect the excessive trimming, 1-2 relatively flat buds can be selected from the sprouted tillers, and all the others can be wiped off.
3. Multi-ring engraving: In order to prevent baldness, the branches that grow vigorously are treated before germination. That is to say, where branches are needed, cut a circle with a ring cutter or pruning shears to reach the xylem, or every 15-20 cm. This method can promote the growth of a large number of medium and long branches and prevent the occurrence of bald branches.
4. girdling: also called girdling, it means that a circle of bark is stripped at the base of the branch 3-5 cm, and the width is about1/8-110 of the diameter of the stripped branch. Generally, the finger is peeled off by 2-438+0 mm, the arm is peeled off by 5-6 mm, the width is not more than 65,438+0 cm, and the narrowest is not less than 65,438+0 mm. It is more suitable to heal after 20-30 days. For a wide range of peeling, plastic film or kraft paper can be used to wrap it, and the dressing can be removed after 5 days. In Jilin area, girdling is often carried out from the end of May to the middle of June before the rainy season, and the strong branches of young flourishing trees are often the main ones, while the weak branches are not suitable for girdling. Appropriate measures should be taken when girdling trunk, trunk branches, large auxiliary branches and branches, especially carefully girdling trunk.
Because girdling hinders the downward transportation of assimilated nutrients by leaves, it affects the growth of roots, thus weakening the absorption of roots and slowing down the growth of new shoots. Therefore, when girdling, it is necessary to increase fertilization water to make the branches grow healthily. In order to improve the girdling effect, foliar spraying fertilizer can be used to girdle branches.
5. Picking: The measure of picking the tender part at the top of the new shoot in the growing season is called coring. In order to control growth, pinching new shoots is beneficial to nutrient accumulation and flower bud formation, improving fruit setting rate and promoting fruit growth. Tip picking can promote strong branches to increase branch order and achieve the purpose of alleviating growth potential.
From May to June, the new shoots were cored for 2-3 times continuously, which was beneficial to the cultivation of branches and the promotion of flower formation. Picking the core of competitive branches and upright branches can strengthen the growth of extended branches and cultivate a solid branch group; Picking the core at the base of autumn shoots in early August can form 2-3 secondary buds at the junction of spring and autumn shoots; When the extension branch is 60 cm long, the core can be taken, and the crown can be expanded with secondary branches to accelerate the formation; In the crown of the early fruiting stage, for the developing branches with vigorous growth in the inner cavity, branches can be picked to promote the formation of fruiting branches, so as to increase the fruits and achieve the goal of early high yield.
6. Twisting: From the end of May to the middle of June, the semi-lignified part of the upright branch, the competitive branch and the tightly squeezed branch at the base of the new shoot, which is 5-6 cm, is twisted by hand for 90 degrees, then obliquely twisted180 degrees to make it droop and fixed at the branch end. After twisting the shoot, the vegetative growth potential of the branch is frustrated, and nutrients are accumulated locally, which can promote short branches and flower buds. After screwing the tip, the screwed part should be kept in a round state, and it should not be split or broken, so as not to hurt the blade.
7. Branch pulling: It can be divided into spring branch pulling and summer branch pulling. The purpose of pulling branches is to correct the angle and direction of extension of big branches. The effect of pulling branches at different times is different. In spring, after sap flows out and before germination, young and lush trees pull branches. The main purpose is to open branches, promote germination and prevent baldness. The main branch has a base angle of 45-50 degrees and a waist angle of 60-70 degrees, and the auxiliary branch is pulled into a horizontal state. The joint between the branches and the rope should be padded, and the branches should be loose. Pay attention to adjust the extension direction of branches while opening the angle. The pruning method from the end of June to the first half of July is the same as that in spring. Its main purpose is to strengthen flower bud differentiation, solve the problem of ventilation and light transmission of trees, improve fruit quality and improve coloring.
8. Straight branches and other branches: Straight branches are also called taking branches. From July to August, at the distance of 10 cm from the base of the branch, the middle and lower parts of the branch are held by hand and repeatedly squeezed, so that the xylem of the branch is slightly damaged and drooped, and grows horizontally or obliquely, which can achieve the purposes of opening angle, controlling vigorous growth, promoting flower buds and short branches, and adjusting branch direction. Other branches are about to stand upright, and strong branches are planted under nearby flat and oblique branches, which makes them droop horizontally, which can inhibit growth and promote flower buds.
9. Summer branch thinning: In the first half of August, for trees with too many auxiliary branches, some interlayer branches can be thinned to improve the scenery conditions and improve the quality of flower buds. It is feasible for young and prosperous trees to cut short new branches. The method of cutting short is to "wear a hat at the base of autumn shoots" to promote secondary branches and form flower buds.
What needs to be explained here is that although the summer pruning technology of fruit trees is of great practical significance to ensure the high and stable yield of fruit trees year after year, any technology is not isolated and absolute. Pruning of fruit trees in summer must be combined with pruning in winter, and strengthening the management of soil, fertilizer and water in orchard can play a greater role.