If one nipple and areola are missing, and the other nipple and areola on the healthy side are intact and large, half of them can be cut, and the nipple and areola on the healthy side can be pulled, stitched and reconstructed, and the nipple and areola on the missing side can be reconstructed.

If the nipple areola is missing on both sides, the labia minora or toe abdomen can be transplanted to reconstruct the nipple; You can also reconstruct the nipple by transplanting cartilage from the skin of the earlobe and auricle, and form a similar areola by needling the skin of the areola with brown dye according to the principle of matching the color of the areola of a healthy nipple; Or take a skin graft from the inner thigh and transplant it into the areola, and cooperate with sunlight and ultraviolet radiation, so that the color of the skin graft can be further deepened and the effect is better; It is also advisable to transplant labia minora skin into areola; It can also be used as areola by skin transplantation behind the ear.

Flaps can also be used to reconstruct nipples. This method provides more tissues, good blood supply, good sensory recovery, and the nipple can maintain a certain height and be straighter. In addition, dermal scar tissue or tissue substitutes can be used to increase nipple convexity.