Illicium verum is the treasure of the whole body, and its fruit is used as medicine, which has the effect of warming stomach, appetizing and dispelling cold. Its peel, seeds and leaves all contain aromatic oil, among which fresh fruit peel contains 5%-6%, seeds contain 1.7%-2.7%, leaves contain 0.75%-0.9%, and fennel is the main component. Mainly used in food, beer, medicine and daily necessities (such as soap, toothpaste, tooth powder, perfume, etc. ).
In addition, after 3-5 years of planting, Illicium verum will be closed into a forest, and it will have fragrance. There are four colors of safflower, pale safflower, white flower and yellow flower, and the flowering period is long, which can play a role in greening barren hills and maintaining ecological balance. High quality wood (not moth-eaten) is a good material for making all kinds of furniture. Therefore, Illicium verum can be developed as an economic tree species with dual purposes of fruit and wood.
There are many varieties of Illicium verum in China. At present, Illicium verum is divided into four varieties groups *** 17 farm varieties based on color, tree shape, fruit, leaves, branching habits and growth characteristics.
One,
A, safflower Illicium verum variety group
1, common star anise, evergreen tree, tree height10-16m, DBH 23-40cm. Carthamus tinctorius, 8 fruits, about 200 fresh fruits per kilogram, 700- 1000 dried fruits per kilogram, distributed in various producing areas of Guangxi.
2, soft branch safflower octagonal, the trunk is obvious, the crown width is narrow, generally 2.9-3.0 meters. The crown is approximately cylindrical, the branching angle is small, the branchlets are slender and dense, soft and drooping like willow branches, the leaves are thin and leathery, oblong, the shelf life is long, the fruits are fat and regular, and the age is not significant. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao, Longzhou and other places.
3. The difference between red calyx Illicium verum and common safflower Illicium verum is that the flower stalk, calyx, petals and fruit ridge are all red. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao and Longzhou.
4. Illicium verum, with a fruit diameter greater than 4 cm and a fruit thickness greater than 1. 1 cm, has about 500 fresh fruits 100- 140 per kilogram and dried fruits. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao and Longzhou.
5. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. has 9- 13 petals. Fruit petals are uneven in size and have the same characteristics as common safflower and star anise, which are distributed in Fangcheng, Ming Shou, Longzhou and other places.
6. Eagle-billed red star anise, different from ordinary red star anise, has eight fruits, the fruit tips are gradually pointed and hooked inward, which looks like an eagle's mouth and is distributed in Lingyun, Debao, Fangcheng and other places in Guangxi.
7, small fruit safflower octagonal, leaf length 6. 1-8.2 cm, width 2. 1-3.0 cm, fruit-shaped eight petals, fresh and fragrant, about 400 per kilogram of fresh fruit. Distributed in Natao Township, Ningming, Guangxi.
8. Illicium verum. The leaves are very thick, and the thickness of the leaves is more than twice that of the common star anise. Green grass, dark green, sparse, less fruit. Distributed in Debao and tengxian.
9, short safflower octagonal, orange plants are naturally short, the tree height is less than 8 meters, the branches are low, the crown is large, the lateral branches are developed, and the branchlets are dense. Thin leaves, herbaceous, distributed in Debao and tengxian.
Second, the variety group of Illicium verum
1, common anise, evergreen tree, tree height 10- 17m, DBH 23-4 1cm. The flowers are reddish or white with 8 fruits, which are distributed in various star anise producing areas.
2, octagonal multi-angle shallow safflower, shallow safflower, 9- 13 fruit. Distribution Fangcheng, Ningming, tengxian and other green forest farms.
3, the leaves are thick and the flowers are light, the octagonal flowers are reddish, the oval main leaves are obovate, and the leaf thickness is more than 2 times that of the general octagonal leaves. Distributed in tengxian and other green forest farms.
4. Soft branches are reddish, flowers are reddish, and the branching characteristics are similar to those of soft branches. Distributed in Fangcheng, Ningming, Debao and Lingyun.
Three, Illicium verum varieties group
1, common white star anise, white flowers, 8 fruits, thin grass leaves, long oval, red tender leaves, dark green, shiny leaves. Feather fierce Wang Shengzhi, distributed in Fangcheng, Ningming, Debao, Lingyun, Longzhou and Jinxiu.
2. The fruit characteristics of Illicium verum are similar to those of Illicium verum. Distributed in Ningming County, tengxian and other green forest farms.
3. Illicium verum, with white flowers, has the characteristics of branches similar to Illicium verum, scattered in Debao, Fangcheng, Longzhou, Ningming and other places in Guangxi.
Iv. Illicium verum Variety Group
Illicium verum, yellow flowers, 7- 10 fruit, tender leaves, red and dark green, stout branchlets, erect or spreading. Distribution Fangcheng Dalu Township.
Many practices have proved that Illicium verum has the highest unit area and yield per plant, and Illicium verum with large fruit and big leaves is the best among safflower types. Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, and Illicium verum are the main varieties developed and planted at present, with large area, high yield, strong resistance and no obvious age.
Second, the growth characteristics of Illicium verum and its requirements for environmental conditions
I. Growth characteristics of roots, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds
1, the root is an extremely important part of the plant, which plays the role of absorption and fixation. Illicium verum is a shallow-rooted tree species with few lateral roots and underdeveloped main roots. The regeneration ability of Illicium verum root is very strong. When the main roots or lateral roots at all levels are damaged, secondary roots will be generated under them to replace the original lateral roots and continue to extend forward. Therefore, reasonable reclamation or intercropping of Illicium verum forest land is beneficial to root growth.
2. The main branches of Illicium verum germinate 2-3 times a year, and the leaf buds of spring shoots germinate in mid-February, the Ye Sheng period in early March, the summer shoots germinate in late April and the autumn shoots germinate in early August. Generally, the lateral branches (long fruit branches) germinate only 65,438+0 times a year in early March.
3. Illicium verum leaves are alternate leaves, often clustered or spirally arranged at the top of branches without stipules. The new leaves are fleshy, and the old leaves are semi-leathery to leathery, light green to green, oblong or lanceolate, with sharp or tapering apex, wedge-shaped base, waxy, shiny and hairless, with some transparent oil spots. The back of the leaf is light green, the veins are reticulate, and the veins are not obvious and normal.
4. Flowers are bisexual, solitary in leaf axils, with long pedicels, sepals 2-3 years old, separated, corolla spherical, petals reddish, crimson, yellowish or white, and covered by mutual arrangement, usually 7-8 petals.
5. The fruit is a star-shaped fruit, and eight petals are aggregated into an octagon, hence the name octagon and the fruit is green. When mature, it is purplish red, dark and dull. When ripe, the fruit stalk bends and the ventral surface of the fruit cracks longitudinally. Each petal has 1 seed, and the dried fruit is brownish red. After picking, processing and baking, it is red or reddish brown with rich flavor.
6. Seeds of octagonal seeds are hidden in octagonal petals, which are wide and oval, brown or brownish yellow; The seed surface is smooth and shiny, and the seed shell is horny. The horny shell is covered with a layer of silver-gray film-like seed kernel, with a thousand-grain weight of 0. 15-0.2 kg, and 4.5-6 kg of seeds can be taken for every 50 kg of fresh fruit.
Second, the flowering characteristics
The flower seeds of Illicium verum were in the axils of last year's branches, and each axil has the possibility of sprouting flower buds and leaf buds. Among them, the number of flower buds accounts for about 90% at most, while the number of leaf buds is only 10%. Not all the buds on the branches are open. Some buds are lurking because of lack of water, nutrition and sunshine, and will not bloom until the next year. On the same tree, the early and late flowering of different branches are also very inconsistent, thus forming a phenomenon that flowers bloom one after another and flowers and fruits are in the same period.
The phenomenon of flowering and fruiting of Illicium verum is complicated, and there are different opinions. Most people think that Illicium verum flowers and bears fruit twice a year. The initial flowering period is February-March, and it matures in August-September. When the fruit is ripe, it blooms twice, and the fruit is ripe in the first flowering period of the following year. The output is mainly for the first time, accounting for about 3/4 of the total output.
Three. Requirements for environmental conditions
1, temperature is an important factor for the growth, development, flowering and fruiting of Illicium verum, which requires strict temperature. Generally, the annual average temperature is required to be 18-23℃, the Leng Yue average temperature is not lower than 10℃, the absolute minimum temperature is above -6℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 39.5℃≥ 10℃, the effective accumulated temperature is suitable for Illicium verum growth, and 0℃ is the critical temperature for Illicium verum chilling injury. It is required that the average monthly temperature of Illicium verum from thunder to fruit ripening should be above 15℃, and the average monthly temperature of flowering should be above 20℃. If the temperature requirement cannot be met, the production will be reduced or the harvest will be cut off.
2. Illicium verum is a shallow-rooted tree species, which is not drought-tolerant. At the same time, its leaves are leathery, transpiration water is large, and it is easy to wither. Therefore, rainfall and humidity are required to be particularly high and evenly distributed. Generally, the annual rainfall is required to be 1, 200-800 mm, and the annual rainfall in some areas is 4,000 mm. Illicium verum is most suitable for growth, and it can grow well in mountainous areas with relative humidity above 80%.
3. Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, and the requirements for light vary with the age of the tree. Young forests at seedling stage (5-year-old) which are easily burned by the sun need short light time and like scattering light. Forests need sufficient light to improve yield and quality, and suitable light conditions are beneficial to flower bud differentiation, flower formation rate, material accumulation and the formation of aromatic substances. The annual average sunshine hours are 1200-2000 hours.
4. Illicium verum originated in the south subtropical region of low latitude, with high temperature and rainy weather, strong weathering of the land, serious leaching of alkali and silicic acid in the land, and low PH value, thus forming a habit of strong adaptability to acidic land and lack of buffering power to alkali. The PH value of soil is between 4.5 and 5.5, and the pressure is mostly red-yellow acid soil developed by weathering of parent rocks such as granite, shale and sandstone. It requires deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, loose sulfur, humidity and ventilation.
5. Other Illicium verum has shallow roots, underdeveloped main roots, shallow lateral roots and slender and fragile branches. Strong wind not only directly affects the growth of Illicium verum, but also is not conducive to the flowering and fruiting of the tree itself. Because Illicium verum blooms twice a year, during the flowering and fruiting period, strong winds will blow off flowers and young fruits, which will seriously affect the harvest. Therefore, Illicium verum should not grow in places where strong winds often occur, such as hilltops, mountain passes, gullies, etc., and should be planted in places seriously affected by typhoons, and shelter forests can be built to prevent wind when necessary.
In addition, Illicium verum should be planted in the middle, low or low hilly soil zone with an altitude of 500- 1000 meters and a slope of 15-30 degrees.
Third, the cultivation techniques of Illicium verum.
I. Selection of Illicium verum Forest Land
The site selection should be based on the specific requirements of octagonal development for environmental conditions. Illicium verum is a negative tree species, which should be selected on the leeward side, with loose and deep soil, slightly acidic, well-drained flat land and gentle slope with a slope below 30 degrees. It is necessary to do a good job in supporting facilities such as roads and pools. It can be seen that the slope and topography of mountainous areas determine the size of woodland area according to local conditions.
Second, the technical points of forest land
1. Soil preparation is an important technical measure to change the ecological environment and soil conditions of afforestation areas to adapt to the growth of trees. Because of the shade tolerance of young Illicium verum, Illicium verum usually uses it to shade under natural miscellaneous forests, so only vines, shrubs and lower young trees are cut off when clearing forest land. Unified planning, full reclamation or strip soil preparation.
2. The planting density of fruit forest land is 50 plants/mu, and the spacing between plants is 3× 4m or 4× 5m. Rectangular planting, the row spacing is larger than the plant spacing, which has good ventilation and light transmission, is suitable for close planting, is convenient for management, and plants are densely planted quickly, forming a shady microclimate, which can reduce evaporation, inhibit weed breeding, be beneficial to the growth of Illicium verum and prolong the interplanting time between rows. This is a widely used method.
3. The planting time can be in spring and autumn, but early spring is better. Planting is the easiest way to survive before new buds germinate from late February to late March in spring.
4. Large holes of base fertilizer are 50×50×40 cm, each hole is applied with compound fertilizer of 0.5- 1 kg, and the released fertilizer is evenly mixed with topsoil.
5. seedling size requires a complete root system, with an annual seedling height of more than 40 cm and a ground diameter of more than 0.4 cm; Two-year-old seedlings are more than 50 cm high and have a ground diameter of 0.8 cm; The height of three-year-old seedlings is above 100 cm, and the ground diameter is 1 cm.
6. Planting in rainy days can greatly improve the survival rate. The planting depth is 2-3 cm from the soil surface to the root neck.
Fourthly, octagonal integrated management technology.
I tending management of young Illicium verum forest
After Illicium verum is planted, it is the young forest stage until the plants generally blossom and bear fruit (leaves can be picked and oil can be steamed). The length of young forest stage is closely related to site conditions, water and fertilizer conditions and management level. Therefore, it is the key technology to ensure the high yield of Illicium verum by doing well the tending management of young forests, creating good habitat conditions and meeting the water, fertilizer and light conditions for the growth and development of Illicium verum. The goal of young forest tending management is to strive for 1 age, 2-age and 3-age.
1, Do a good job in shading and moisturizing trees Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species with thin bark and thick leaves, which is easy to get sunburned in summer. Covering most of the open space is an important work of young Illicium verum forest management. Natural plants such as miscellaneous forests and weeds and shrubs can be used as shade trees and mulches. This kind of vegetation has the functions of shielding soil, keeping woodland moist, balancing soil temperature, reducing soil erosion and preventing sunburn.
2. Intertillage weeding is easy to harden the soil due to rainfall and human factors, which is not conducive to soil permeability and microbial activities. At the same time, because it is humid and warm, it is easy to breed weeds and consume soil nutrients and water. Weed intertillage at least 1-2 times a year, February 1 time, May-June 1 time, or use glyphosate for chemical weeding.
3. Fertilization is an important measure to ensure the normal growth and development of Illicium verum and achieve high and stable yield. Generally, point-clearing fertilization or whole-garden fertilization is adopted. The best time to fertilize every year is February and June. Because spring fertilizer grows new buds, summer fertilizer promotes the vigorous growth of Illicium verum. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and some compound fertilizers can also be applied to young forests over 3 years. 1-2-year-old trees should be applied with 50- 150g urea per plant, 3-year-old trees should be applied with 50-150-250g urea and compound fertilizer100-200g urea per plant. Young Illicium verum forest bears fruit 2-3 years earlier than that without fertilization.
4. The purpose of pruning and shaping is to cultivate a complete crown and reasonable branch structure, make full use of space, and improve the yield and quality of Illicium verum. According to the biological characteristics and practice of Illicium verum, it is proved that the best tree shape of Illicium verum is a cylinder with soft and drooping branches, uniform distribution and fullness, followed by a tower or a cone.
The top advantage of Illicium verum is obvious, so both leaf forest and fruit forest should be trimmed and reshaped properly in the young tree period. The fruit forest of Illicium verum should pay attention to leaving buds in the young tree period, so as to form thick trunks and branches, which is conducive to the picking of fruits in the future. As Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, there are fruits up and down the crown, inside and outside. The lower the height under the branches, the larger the fruit area and the higher the relative yield. Generally, pruning and shaping can be carried out when the young forest is 1.5-2 meters high, and each plant can only maintain 2-3 branches. Cut off the overgrown branches and cross branches on the main branches, as well as the upright branches, too dense branches, weak branches, pest branches and dead branches from the base.
Second, the tending management of Illicium verum forest
The tending management goal of Illicium verum forest is high and stable yield, and the following management work must be strengthened:
1. Reclamation can change the soil structure of Illicium verum, replenish water, promote flower bud differentiation and normal development of young fruits. In recent years, the masses have summed up the experience of "As long as you dig hard, octagonal trees are full of mountains". I tasted the sweetness of reclamation and rehabilitation of Illicium verum, which benefited in that year, increased production in two years and harvested in three years. Generally, reclamation will be resumed in three to four years 1 time.
2. Fertilization For the fruit forest, Illicium verum does not drop flowers and fruits all the year round, and the tree consumes a lot of nutrients. It is necessary to strengthen fertilization to maintain the nutritional balance in the body. There is a special fertilizer for Illicium verum, which can increase the yield by 25-44% after application. Suitable for trees over 7 years old, applied twice a year, from May to Qi, from 65438+February to the following winter. Each plant is 0.5- 1 kg at a time, and small ditches are dug on both sides of the crown to cover the soil. In addition, applying compound fertilizer 1-2 times a year, and applying 0.5- 1 kg per plant each time, the yield increase effect is also obvious.
3. Illicium verum flower and fruit are seriously protected, and the main reasons are as follows:
Lack of powder. Illicium verum is a plant with young fruit and new fruit, which ripens in September-65438+1October and blooms in August-65438+1October after fruit picking. The accumulated nutrients in the tree consume more, which has a certain influence on flowering and fruit setting, and the nutrients released by the soil are not enough. Illicium verum, like other fruit trees, needs a lot of nutrition to blossom. If the tree is fragile, it will inevitably cause a large number of young fruits to fall off after flowering.
The pests are very serious. Illicium verum blooms twice a year and bears fruit twice a year, that is, it blooms in March-April, matures in September-10, blooms in August-10, and matures in March-April of the following year, with long flowering period and long maturity. The main damage related to falling flowers and fruits is the golden flower worm, which is in the middle of March.
The wind blew away flowers and fruits.
In view of the above reasons, the following measures should be taken:
A. Clear the weeds and shrubs in the forest and comprehensively recycle them.
B Formula fertilization: topdressing 1 time every year1-February and May-June, and applying fertilizer according to the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium = 0.3: 0. 1: 0.3, can significantly increase production and obtain greater benefits.
C spraying anti-falling agent and foliar fertilizer. When Illicium verum wilts, spray a bag of anti-falling agent, 0 0. 15 kg urea and 60 kg water.
D pest control, spraying 500 times dichlorvos or dimethoate solution in March-April and June-July every year.
4. Trimming and shaping. For less fruit thinning, less fruit thinning or no cutting, lower inner branches of the crown, abnormal growth and development, more dry branches of pests and diseases, and good growth and development, it is necessary to cut again.