Garden selection: The economic life of vines is very long, so it is very important to choose a good garden. When planting on a large scale, it is necessary to plan rationally, plant in blocks, and leave a good mechanical walking channel.
Soil selection: Grape has strong adaptability and can be produced in all kinds of soils, but sandy loam soil is the best, followed by gravel soil.
Climatic conditions: when planting grapes, we should consider the influence of climate and extreme climate to make them suitable for planting. In the north of cold weather, we should choose early and middle maturity varieties with less investment, and we can also consider late maturity varieties as protected cultivation; In the south where the weather is particularly humid, it is best to choose rain-proof cultivation.
Water source conditions: the drainage and irrigation system arranged in the vineyard must be able to irrigate in drought and drain in flood.
Planting design: after choosing the garden, how to plant the vineyard should be well planned to ensure the good growth and quality of the grapes.
Grape planting should choose varieties according to local natural conditions and local comprehensive consumption level. Generally, areas far away from the market should choose varieties that are resistant to storage and transportation; We should also choose varieties with better comprehensive quality to facilitate management and sales.
After the variety is selected, consider the framework. Generally speaking, there are many hedges in the north of the Yangtze River, many scaffolding in the south of the Yangtze River, and there are V, T, horizontal racks and so on in production, which highlights a traditional and practical problem.
Single-arm hedge frame: Irregular fan-shaped pruning is the most commonly used hedge frame shaping method for northern fruit farmers, which is simple and easy to manage and convenient for early high yield. In production, the plant spacing is often 1 m, the row spacing is 2 meters, and 333 seedlings are planted per mu; The plant spacing is 0.5m, the row spacing is 2m, and there are 666 plants per mu.
Hedgehog shed: One-stop dry forming is widely used in rainy south. The lower part of the high temperature and high humidity hedge shed in the south has good permeability, and the resulting part moves up, which minimizes the occurrence of pests and diseases. The plant spacing is 0.5m, the row spacing is 3m, and there are 444 plants per mu; The plant spacing is 0.75m, the row spacing is 3m, and there are 296 plants per mu. Plant spacing 1m, row spacing of 3m, 222 plants per mu.
As for V-shaped, T-shaped and horizontal hangers, they are applied in different areas, and individuals can also consider applying hangers according to local customs. Generally speaking, the production and cultivation of seedlings is large, with high yield in the early stage, but large investment; Choose scaffolding with few seedlings, the early output is low, but the investment is small. Individuals should consider the choice according to their own economic conditions. But the principle is that the species with strong tree potential should choose a larger frame, and the species with moderate tree potential can choose a smaller frame.
High-yield period management: if the planting is properly managed in the first year, it can be put into production in the second year and get benefits, and it can enter the high-yield period in the third year. Whether the management in high-yield period is effective or not largely determines the yield and quality of grapes, and also affects the income of fruit farmers.
Grapes in high-yield period must be well managed in fertilizer and water. When sprouting in early spring, 3-5 cubic meters of decomposed chicken manure and 50 kilograms of urea can be used to effectively promote germination; In May, inorganic compound fertilizer (mainly phosphate fertilizer) can be applied to effectively promote flower opening, and combined with chemical spraying, 0.2% urea can be sprayed on the leaves; In the middle and late June, topdressing the fruit-promoting fertilizer, applying 70- 100 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu, and spraying 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves. It is also necessary to dig a ditch about 50-60 cm away from the grape plant and about 40 cm deep, and apply 3000 kg of pig manure or 2000 kg of decomposed chicken manure. During this period, intertillage, loosening soil and weeding should be done well. The depth of intertillage is generally 10- 15cm, once a month 1-2 times. During this period, due to the high temperature and rainy weather, it is necessary to prevent floods and drain water in time. After the grapes are harvested, the trees enter the nutritional recovery period, and at this time, they need to be supplemented in time. 65438+ 10 In early October and late September, 3 pieces of decomposed chicken manure were spread on the surface of each mu of land for deep irrigation. 50 kg of compound fertilizer and 0/00 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc can be applied to each mu of the ground, and water should be done in time. When ditching, it should be 40-50 cm away from the outside of the grape trunk, with a ditching depth of about 20 cm and a width of 20-30 cm.
In order to make grapes yield high and stable, it is necessary to effectively control pests and diseases. Relatively speaking, there is less rain and drought in the north, and there are fewer pests and diseases; The south has high temperature, high humidity and many pests and diseases. There are white rot, black pox, anthracnose, downy mildew and other diseases in production. Pesticide control should be based on the first application in the early stage of pest occurrence, and then spraying 1 time and * * * 3-5 times every 7- 15 days according to the disease condition and weather conditions. The following drugs have a certain control effect on the occurrence of the above diseases:
(1)80% Li Bide 800 times solution.
(2)72% chlorhexidine 800 times solution
(3) 40% of the new 7500 times solution.
(4) The 90% epidemic of Shuangling was 600 times.
(5)70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution.
If you find pests, such as moths and leafhoppers. , when spraying, you can add 1500 times of agricultural herbicide or imidacloprid.
After one year's normal management, the nutrition of vines has been enriched, so it is very important to cut vines reasonably according to different varieties in winter for the next year's yield. Generally speaking, European and American species can be pruned by combining medium and short branches, leaving 1-3 buds; Eurasian species can generally be pruned with medium and long branches, leaving 3-5 or 3-7 buds. However, different varieties will be different when pruning, so they should be cultivated flexibly according to the performance of different varieties. It requires a high degree of lignification, and the seed coat in Europe and America is brown. The darker the color, the higher the degree of lignification, and the color of Eurasian species is relatively light. The thickness of secondary shoots should not be less than 65438±0cm, and that of European and American species should not exceed 65438±0.5cm. Too strong branches have poor flower bud differentiation, so it is not advisable to leave too strong branches, and too weak branches should be cut off.
Wintering management of grapes in northern China is very important for grapes. If the management is neglected, it will only blossom but not bear fruit, and if it is serious, it will easily lead to the death of grape plants. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the overwintering management of grapes.
Covering the ground for cold protection: This method is safe and reliable, and is generally used in the cold protection areas covered with soil in the north. After winter shearing, put a soil pillow around the root, cover it with straw or leaves to a thickness of 5- 10 cm, then take soil from the root stem 1.5 m and bury it tightly. The cold-proof thickness is the thickness between -4℃ in winter and the local frozen soil surface.
Burying soil for cold protection: mainly used in vineyards with older scaffolding trees. Dig a ditch with a width of 50 cm and a length of 30-50 cm along the growth direction of the main vine, bind the vine and put it in the ditch, cover it with straw or leaves with a thickness of about 10 cm, and then cultivate the soil to prevent cold.
Plastic film mulching method: it is mainly suitable for grape cultivation in simple cold-proof areas and protected areas, as well as hedgerow cultivation areas and courtyards with dense row spacing. The method is simple and convenient to operate. After the winter grapes are cut, the branches and vines are tied to the roots, covered with straw or leaves with the thickness of 10 cm, covered with plastic film instead of soil, then compacted on both sides and buried tightly with soil.
In addition, the evacuation time of cold-proof plastic film in winter is also limited. Picking grapes too early or too late will have adverse effects on grapes, and they are usually picked in 2-3 times. For the first time, after thawing, remove a large part of the cold-proof soil; When the local apricot flower buds spit red for the second time, remove all the cold-proof soil or plastic film; Remove all the cold-proof things from the third apricot blossom bud.
Integrated control of grape diseases and insect pests
Grape diseases and insect pests are natural disasters, which directly affect the yield, quality and market supply of grapes. In the actual control process, broad-spectrum chemical pesticides are often used to make pathogenic bacteria and pests resistant, kill natural enemies and pollute the environment. In particular, grapes are provided for people to eat fresh, and the problem of residue after using chemical pesticides is more prominent. It is urgent to implement the plant protection policy of prevention first and comprehensive management, combined with the role of grape diseases and insect pests. In comprehensive control, based on agricultural control, measures such as chemical pesticide control, biological control and physical control should be used reasonably according to local conditions to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively, so as to improve yield and quality and protect the environment and people's health.
I. Plant quarantine
The best way to prevent pests and diseases is to prevent dangerous pathogens and pests from entering new areas that have never happened before. Plant quarantine is the main technical measure to prevent the spread of pests and diseases.
Second, agricultural measures.
(1) Keeping the orchard clean is the fundamental measure to eliminate grape diseases and insect pests. It is required to focus on management in spring and autumn every year, and the fallen leaves in winter will be stripped and cleaned up, and burned or buried centrally to reduce the harm in the coming year. When pests and diseases are found in the long season, the diseased branches, diseased ears, diseased grains and diseased leaves should be cut off in time and destroyed immediately to prevent further spread.
(2) Improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions on the shelf surface. There are too many branches and leaves on the grape shelf, too many ears, poor ventilation and light transmission, and diseases and insect pests are prone to occur. Therefore, it is necessary to tie the vines in time, remove the secondary shoots, and create good ventilation and light transmission conditions. Ears close to the ground can be hung high with ropes to prevent pests and diseases.
(3) Strengthening water and fertilizer management Fertilization and irrigation must be determined according to the growth and development needs of fruit trees and soil fertility. The application of organic fertilizer or inorganic compound fertilizer can enhance excessive fertilizer, insufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, water accumulation or drought in soil and promote the occurrence of pests and diseases; Low-lying orchards should pay attention to drainage and waterlogging prevention, promote the normal growth of plant roots, and help strengthen the stress resistance of trees.
(4) Deep ploughing and weeding combined with deep ploughing with base fertilizer can bury the pests and diseases on the soil surface into the fertilization ditch, thus reducing the sources of pests and diseases. It is also necessary to dig out the pupae, cocoons and larvae in the soil near the roots of grape plants and kill them collectively. Fallen leaves and weeds in orchards are places where pests and diseases overwinter and multiply, so as to reduce the harm caused by pests and diseases.
Third, cultivate varieties resistant to pests and diseases.
The application of disease-resistant varieties in production is the most economical and effective method to control pests and diseases, which has attracted people's full attention. Variety or interspecific hybridization with strong moral resistance to pests and diseases has obvious effect. Kangtai is a grape variety cultivated in recent years, which was bred by natural bud mutation of Kangbaier. Not only cold resistance, but also resistance to downy mildew and powdery mildew. There is also a variety of European and American hybrid Jufeng Group introduced from Japan, which has strong resistance to black pox and anthracnose and is very popular among growers. It is also reported that recently, "Harmony" and "Freedom" grape rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids and nematodes have been introduced from abroad, and the grape seedlings cultivated by asexual grafting can achieve the purpose of preventing and controlling grape root diseases and insect pests.
Variety cultivation mode
Grape planting, according to local natural conditions combined with local consumption level, first select the required varieties, according to different varieties, and then consider the shelf. Generally speaking, there are many hedgerows in the north of the Yangtze River, many scaffolding in the south of the Yangtze River, and there are V, T, cross frames and so on in production, which highlights a traditional and practical problem.
Single-arm hedge frame: Irregular fan-shaped pruning is the most commonly used hedge frame shaping method for northern fruit farmers. Easy to manage, which is beneficial to early high yield. In production, the plant spacing is often 1 m, the row spacing is 2 meters, and 330 seedlings are planted per mu. The plant spacing is 0.5m, the row spacing is 2m, and there are 666 plants per mu.
Hedgehog frame: One-stop dry shaping is widely used in the rainy south. The lower part of the hedge frame with high temperature and humidity in the south has good permeability, and the generated part moves up to minimize the occurrence of pests and diseases. Plant spacing of 0.5m, row spacing of 3m, 444 plants per mu: plant spacing of 0.75m, row spacing of 3m, 296 plants per mu; Plant spacing 1m, row spacing of 3m, 222 plants per mu.
As for V-shaped, T-shaped and horizontal hangers, they are applied in different areas, and individuals can also consider applying hangers according to local customs. Generally speaking, the production and cultivation of seedlings is large, with high yield in the early stage, but large investment; Selecting a small number of seedlings, the early yield is low, but the investment is small. Individuals should consider the choice according to their own economic conditions, but the principle is that the varieties with strong tree potential should choose large boxes, and those with moderate tree potential can choose small boxes.