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For some time, nanotechnology has appeared frequently in the media, and the advantages of nanotechnology, nanomaterials and products manufactured by nanotechnology have also been widely publicized. So, what is nanotechnology? This paper introduces this knowledge for beginners' reference.
. Nanometer is the unit of length, and the symbol is nm. 1nm =1nm = 10 m (billionth of a meter), which is about the length of10 atoms. Suppose that a hair has a diameter of 0.05 mm and is divided into 50,000 hairs on average in the radial direction, and the thickness of each hair is about 1nm.
. 1, the meaning of nanotechnology
The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.
The main differences between nanotechnology and microelectronics are: nanotechnology studies the realization of specific functions of equipment by controlling single atoms and molecules, and it works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world.
Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology.
.2, the characteristics of nano-electronic devices
The performance of electronic devices manufactured by nanotechnology is much better than that of traditional electronic devices.
The working speed is fast, and the working speed of nano-electronic devices is 1000 times that of silicon devices, so the product performance can be greatly improved. Low power consumption, the power consumption of nano-electronic devices is only11000 of that of silicon devices. There is a lot of information storage. On a 5-inch CD less than the size of the palm of your hand, you can store all the books of at least 30 Beijing libraries. Small size and light weight can greatly reduce the size and weight of various electronic products.
Nanometer is the unit of length, and the symbol is nm. 1nm =1nm = 10 m (billionth of a meter), which is about the length of10 atoms. Suppose that a hair has a diameter of 0.05 mm and is divided into 50,000 hairs on average in the radial direction, and the thickness of each hair is about 1nm.
. 1, the meaning of nanotechnology
The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.
The main differences between nanotechnology and microelectronics are: nanotechnology studies the realization of specific functions of equipment by controlling single atoms and molecules, and it works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world.
Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology.
Nanometer is a tiny unit of length, and 1 nanometer is equal to 1 billionth of a meter. A human hair is 70,000 to 80,000 nanometers. The term nanotechnology appears in 1974. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are at 0. The motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in 10 to 100 nanometer space are studied. Nano-materials are an important part of nanotechnology, and also a hot and difficult point in international competition. Since carbon nanotubes were discovered in 199 1, they have been considered as future materials. The strength of carbon nanotubes is about 100 times that of steel, and its heat transfer performance is superior to all other known materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have good electrical conductivity, and hardly produce resistance when conducting at room temperature. Nano-ceramic materials can be as soft as plasticine at the high temperature of 1600 degrees Celsius and can bend freely at room temperature. From 1998, the world's first nano-transistor, to 100 nano-chip in 199, the "nano-fever" that appeared in the world at the end of the 20th century further warmed up.
China once occupied a place in the field of nanotechnology and was in the international advanced ranks. We have successfully prepared a variety of nano-materials including metals, alloys, oxides, hydrides, carbides, ionic crystals and semiconductors, synthesized a variety of coaxial nano-cables, mastered the technology of preparing pure carbon nanotubes, and can prepare ultra-long nanotubes with a length of 2 to 3 mm in large quantities. The diameter of the finest carbon nanotubes synthesized is only 0. 33 nm, not only broke the recent creation of China scientists with a diameter of only 0. 5 nm, and broke through Japanese scientist 1.992. The theoretical limit of 4 nanometers. The article "Carbon tetrachloride turns straw into gold diamond" received rave reviews. Recently, a new nano-material-superhydrophobic interface material has been successfully developed. This material is super-hydrophobic and super-oleophobic, and can be made into oil-free and washing-free textiles.
The application prospect of nanotechnology is very broad, and the economic benefit is very huge. American authorities predict that the nanotechnology market will reach144 billion dollars in 20 10, and the application of nanotechnology will far exceed the computer industry in the future. Nano-composite, modification of plastics, rubber and fiber, design and application of nano-functional coating materials will inject new high-tech content into traditional production and products. Experts pointed out that in the fields of textiles, building materials, chemicals, petroleum, automobiles, military equipment and communication equipment, a "material revolution" triggered by nanotechnology is bound to occur. At present, nearly 65,438+000 companies in China have registered nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and more than 65,438+00 production lines for nanomaterials and nanotechnology have been established. Nano-fabrics and clothing have been mass-produced, such as computer work clothes, anti-static clothes, anti-ultraviolet clothes and so on. The new coating with nanotechnology not only improves the washability by more than ten times, but also is nontoxic, harmless and odorless. A nano-CD can store hundreds of movies, while an ordinary CD can only store two movies. Nanotechnology is improving and improving people's quality of life.
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How can nanotechnology help mankind?
Nanotechnology is a kind of science and technology that uses a single atom and molecule to make substances. Nanotechnology is a science and technology based on many modern advanced technologies. It is a combination of modern science (chaotic physics, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics and molecular biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronics technology, scanning tunneling microscope technology and nuclear analysis technology). Nanotechnology can be made into clothes and can prevent ultraviolet rays. Nanotechnology can be made into metal, and its hardness is dozens of times that of ordinary metal.
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What are the benefits of nanotechnology to human beings?
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Brief introduction to the help of nanotechnology to human beings
Brief introduction: Nanotechnology, also known as nanotechnology, is a technology to study the properties and applications of materials with structural dimensions ranging from 0. 1 to 100 nm. After the invention of 198 1 year scanning tunneling microscope, a molecular world with a length of 0. 1 to 100 nm was born, and its ultimate goal is to construct products with specific functions directly from atoms or molecules. Therefore, nanotechnology is actually a technology that uses single atoms and molecules to arrange substances. Using nanotechnology to arrange xenon atoms in IBM nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. Nano-science and technology mainly includes nano-system physics, nano-chemistry, nano-materials, nano-biology, nano-electronics, nano-processing, nano-mechanics and so on. These seven relatively independent and interpenetrating disciplines and three research fields: nano-materials, nano-devices and nano-scale detection and characterization. The preparation and research of nano-materials are the basis of the whole nano-technology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology. The help of nanotechnology to mankind: turn an article for reference. Nanotechnology: Entering human life will bring revolutionary changes to modern people's life. Beijing, 28 Sept (Reporter): When water or vegetable oil is poured on the surface of clothes, one of them immediately becomes stained, while the other one leaves only a few tiny drops of water. When it shakes, nothing remains. Recently, China Academy of Sciences held an exhibition on the application of nanomaterials in Beijing, and nanotechnology opened the eyes of the audience. According to Professor Jiang Lei, one of the winners of "Hundred Talents Program" of China Academy of Sciences, the initiator of "Binary Synergistic Nanostructure Theory" and doctoral supervisor, all of the above exhibitions use "Binary Synergistic Nanointerface Materials", which will form a stable gas film on the surface of the materials, so that oil or water can not directly contact the surface of the materials, thus making the surface of the materials appear "super-hydrophobic" without water and oil. All kinds of textile fabrics, such as cotton, hemp, silk, wool, cashmere, blended fabrics, chemical fiber, etc. After being treated by "super hydrophobic" interface material technology, it has "non-stick" and "super hydrophobic" performance for juice, ink, soy sauce, vegetable oil and so on. However, this treatment technology will not change the properties of the original fabric, that is, fiber strength, fabric color, washing resistance, air permeability and skin friendliness. At the same time, it also has the auxiliary functions of sterilization, radiation protection and mildew prevention. This can greatly reduce the washing times of clothes, and the washing method only needs to be gently bleached with water. It goes without saying that people can bid farewell to the era of washing clothes with a lot of detergents, reduce pollution, save water resources and save time. This means that this technology will bring revolutionary changes to our lives. Nanotechnology is another hot spot that people pay attention to after Internet and gene. What is nano? Nanometer is the measurement unit of geometric dimensions, and its length is only one billionth of one meter, which is slightly equal to the length of 45 atoms arranged together. Nanotechnology refers to the manufacture of objects with a volume not exceeding several hundred nanometers, and its width is only the width where dozens of atoms gather together. In fact, today, nanotechnology has quietly penetrated into every aspect of our daily life, such as food, clothing, housing and transportation. Using nanotechnology and nanomaterials, antibacterial refrigerators and antibacterial washing machines can be manufactured. Now, aseptic tableware, aseptic playing cards, aseptic gauze and other products using nanotechnology and nanomaterials have also come out. If nanotechnology is used in food manufacturing, it can help us improve our gastrointestinal absorption capacity. For another example, as we all know, paint can beautify the living room, but traditional paint may become multi-colored because of its poor washability and short time. After the application of nanotechnology, many indexes of coatings will be greatly improved. The washability of exterior wall coatings will be improved from 1000 times to 1000 times, and the aging time will be more than doubled. Since the early 1990s, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Academy of Sciences have included nanotechnology research in the climbing plan and related major and key projects. Last year, the Ministry of Science and Technology launched the national key basic research project of nano-materials, and the basic research and support funds invested have reached tens of millions of yuan. At present, China has established several nanotechnology research bases. China Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Peking University and other units have formed a team engaged in nanotechnology research, which has made a series of remarkable achievements in the world, and some even walk in the forefront of the world. Experts say that with the continuous development of nano-functional materials technology and its comprehensive application in various fields, people's lives will undergo revolutionary changes, and the nano-era is getting closer and closer to us. In addition to wear resistance, the surfaces of glass, ceramic tile, marble, gypsum board and other materials used for home decoration can show strange "double hydrophobic" performance after nano-technology treatment, improve some properties of the materials themselves and broaden the application scope. In the future, we can bid farewell to the annoying situation of "looking at the greasy stove and getting dirty all over" in the kitchen, so that "going down to the kitchen" is like entering a clean and refreshing space and enjoying an art.
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What is the significance of the appearance of nanotechnology to human beings?
Nanotechnology is a new technology at the turn of the century. Its appearance marks that human beings have naturally entered a new stage of transformation, that is, atoms and molecules from micron level to nanometer level, so that human beings can finally manipulate individual atoms and molecules according to their own wishes and realize effective control of the micro-world. Experts believe that just as the emergence and application of industrial revolution, antibiotics, nuclear energy and microelectronics have had a great impact, nanotechnology will create an unimaginable miracle, promote the progress of the new century and become the core technology in the information age of this century. Therefore, as soon as nanotechnology appeared, many countries listed it as "key technology" and invested heavily in research and development.
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What are the benefits of nanotechnology to the development of human society?
(1) Nanotechnology in the information industry: The information industry not only plays an important role abroad, but also in China. In 2000, China's information industry created a GDP of 580 billion yuan. The application of nanotechnology in information industry is mainly manifested in three aspects: ① network communication, broadband network communication, nano-structured devices, chip technology and high-definition digital display technology. Because both communication, integration and display devices need original devices, the United States has begun to develop them. Now there are single electronic devices, tunneling electronic devices and spin electronic devices, which have been successfully developed in the laboratory and may enter the market in 200 1 year. ② Optoelectronic devices, molecular electronic devices and giant magnetoelectronic devices are still backward in China, but it will take 10 years for these original devices to enter the market. Therefore, China should study these aspects 65,438+05 to 20 years in advance. ③ Research level of key nano-devices in network communication, such as lasers, filters, resonators, micro-capacitors, microelectrodes, etc. It is not backward in China, but also exists in Anhui Province. (4) rheostat, nonlinear resistance, etc. It can be modified by adding zinc oxide nano-materials. (2) Nanotechnology in environmental industry: Nanotechnology is an irreplaceable technology to degrade 20 nm pollutants in air and 200 nm pollutants in water. To purify the environment, nanotechnology must be used. Now we have successfully prepared a device that can degrade formaldehyde, nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide, which can reduce harmful gases in the air from 10ppm to 0. 1ppm, and the device has entered the actual production stage. Photocatalytic nano-materials combined with porous beads have been successfully used to degrade organic substances in sewage, and also have a good degradation effect on other organic pollutants such as phenol that are difficult to degrade by traditional technology. In recent years, many companies are committed to transplanting nanotechnology such as photocatalysis into water treatment industry to improve water quality, and have achieved initial results; Nano-combination technology of rare earth cerium oxide and precious metal is also very effective in the transformation of automobile exhaust treatment device. Recently, the preliminary research on controlling algae pollution in freshwater lakes has been successful in the laboratory. (3) Nanotechnology in energy and environmental protection: Rational utilization of traditional energy and development of new energy are important tasks for China at present and in the future. In the rational utilization of traditional energy sources, there are mainly cleaning agents and combustion improvers, which can make coal burn fully and circulate itself during combustion, reducing sulfur emissions without any auxiliary devices. In addition, there are additives that use nanotechnology to improve gasoline and diesel. In fact, it is a kind of liquid small molecule combustible cluster substance, which has the functions of combustion-supporting and purification. Foreign countries have made rapid progress in developing new energy sources, that is, changing non-combustible gas into combustible gas. At present, energy conversion materials are mainly developed in the world, and China is also doing it, including the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy, thermal energy into electrical energy and chemical energy into electrical energy. (4) Nano-biomedicine: This is the most potential field after China's entry into WTO. At present, the international pharmaceutical industry is facing a new decision, that is, to develop the pharmaceutical industry on the nanometer scale. Nano-biomedicine is to extract necessary substances from animals and plants, and then combine them on the nano-scale to maximize the curative effect, which is precisely the idea of traditional Chinese medicine. After extracting the essence, a few skeletons, such as sugar and starch, which can be absorbed by human body, are used to release it efficiently and target drugs. Using nanotechnology can improve the performance of traditional drugs. (5) Nano-new materials: Although nano-new materials are not final products, they are very important. According to American calculations, by the 265438+1930s, 40% of steel and metal materials in automobiles will be replaced by light and high-strength materials, which can save 40% of gasoline and reduce 40% of co2 emissions. This alone will create 1000 billion US dollars in social benefits for the United States of America every year. In addition, there are various functional materials. Glass is transparent, but heavy. Nano-particles are used to improve it and make it lighter, so that this material not only has mechanical properties, but also has other functions, such as changing color and storing light, reflecting various ultraviolet rays and infrared rays, absorbing and storing light, etc. (6) Transformation of traditional industries by nanotechnology: For China, it is the best opportunity for nanotechnology to cut into traditional industries and combine nanotechnology with technologies in various fields. The first is the household appliances, light industry and electronics industries. Hefei Meiling Group began to develop nano refrigerators from 1996. The folding pvc magnetic refrigerator door seal is not moldy and adopts antibacterial coating. The fruit bowl inside is made of nano-materials. The development of light industry, electronics and household appliances can promote the development of coatings, materials and electronic components. Followed by textiles. Man-made fiber is the development trend of chemical fiber and textile industry. If China textile wants to occupy a favorable position after China's entry into WTO, it must now apply nanotechnology and nanomaterials in all directions. Last year, the application of nanotechnology was mentioned in the TV propaganda about thermal insulation quilt and thermal insulation clothing. Nanotechnology has special functions such as antistatic and flame retardant. When nano-conductive materials are assembled into it, the human body can be shielded under the high voltage of1.654,38+0.000 volts. In this respect, nanotechnology has a broad application prospect in textile industry. The third is the power industry. Using nanotechnology to transform 200,000-volt and 1 10000-volt variable voltage transmission porcelain bottles can improve the electric shock resistance of 1 10000-volt porcelain bottles in all directions, with no frosting on the glaze and excellent other comprehensive properties. Fourthly, coatings and coatings in building materials industry, including various ceramic glazes and inks, can improve product performance with the intervention of nanotechnology.
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