1) shoot. Buds attached to the top or side of branches in a certain order are called fixed buds. Among the fixed buds, the one inserted at the top of the branch is called the terminal bud. Lateral buds are called lateral buds, and most of them are born in leaf axils, so lateral buds are also called axillary buds. Axillary buds can sometimes be divided into main buds and auxiliary buds. The terminal buds of apple and pear trees have some leaf buds and some mixed buds; The terminal buds of peach, plum, plum, apricot and other fruit trees are often leaf buds; The terminal buds of chestnut and walnut are mostly mixed buds; The top of persimmon branches withered by themselves, and there was no real terminal bud after winter. The terminal buds people see are actually false terminal buds, mostly leaf buds. ?
2) Adventitious buds. The occurrence of adventitious buds has no certain position. When the aboveground branches of fruit trees are damaged or the aboveground and underground branches are out of balance after thinning, adventitious buds are easy to germinate. Adventitious buds are easy to form long branches after germination, and can be used for regeneration if necessary.
3) Leaf buds. After germination, only the branches and leaves germinate without flowering. ?
4) Pure flower buds. After germination, flowers only bloom without leaves, such as peach blossom buds. ?
5) mix the buds. After germination, leaves can not only sprout, but also blossom and bear fruit, such as the buds of persimmon, chestnut, grape, apple and pear. ?
6) Intermediate bud. This kind of bud looks like a flower bud in appearance, and may develop into a flower bud in the process of growth and development, if the nutrition is sufficient; However, if the nutrition is insufficient, only 1 thin and short branches can be produced after germination, which are common in apple trees or pear trees. ?
7) Main bud. A bud inserted in the middle of a leaf axil. The main buds can be leaf buds or flower buds. ?
8) Secondary buds. The buds inserted on both sides of the main bud are secondary buds. The secondary buds of grapes are attached to the side of the main buds; The secondary bud of walnut is inserted under the main bud. ?
9) Single bud. On the 1 node, there are only 1 hypertrophy main buds, and the secondary buds are very small, which do not germinate under normal circumstances. There seems to be only 1 bud. ?
10) Multi-beat. At the 1 node, more than two buds with the same size are produced at the same time, which is a compound bud. Different kinds of fruit trees have different numbers of multiple buds, including double buds, three buds and four buds. Multi-buds are often composed of mixed leaf buds and flower buds, and it is extremely rare to be composed of leaf buds or flower buds alone. The buds of peach, plum and apricot trees are mostly compound buds. ?
1 1) active buds. After the buds on the branches are formed, they can germinate on time, which is called living buds. Flower buds and terminal buds are mostly active buds. Buds between leaf axils below the terminal bud are mostly active buds due to the apical advantage. Buds in the middle and lower parts of branches and at the base, as well as buds below horizontal branches or oblique branches, are mostly hidden buds. ?
12) Cryptic bud. Hidden bud is also called latent bud. After the leaf buds on the branches are formed, they germinate into secondary branches in the same year or the next year. If some buds can't germinate due to insufficient nutrition or other reasons, they are still lurking as they are, so they are also called latent buds. After the latent buds are stimulated, they can sprout branches, which can be used for the regeneration and rejuvenation of ancient trees. Because of different fruit tree types, tree ages and management levels, the life span of latent buds is also different. ?
13) full bud full bud. Most of the leaf buds are plump, plump and well developed. Buds are small and thin, and poorly developed leaf buds are called buds. Full buds are mostly born in the middle and upper parts of branches, while buds are mostly born in the base of branches. Most of the buds at the junction of spring shoots and autumn shoots of apple trees are tender buds. The fuller and fuller the buds are, the stronger the germination power is, and the stronger the branches are. Therefore, when pruning, full buds are often selected as cutting buds of backbone branches or extension branches to rapidly expand the crown and accelerate flowering and fruiting. In production practice, the plumpness of buds is often used to adjust the growth potential or extension direction of main branches. For example, in order to inhibit the elongation of new shoots, stubble buds can be used as cutting buds. ?
1.2 fruit bud heterogeneity and its application in pruning?
Buds on branches of fruit trees have different sizes, plumpness and germination ability due to different formation time, planting location and nutritional conditions. This difference in bud quality is called bud heterogeneity. ?
In the process of bud growth and development, if the external environmental conditions are suitable and the nutrition level is high, the quality of bud will be good and the appearance will be full. The quality of leaf buds is good, the new shoots are stout, the leaves are thick, the growth potential is strong, the latent buds have a long life, and the ability to germinate into branches after stimulation is strong; Low-quality leaf buds have weak germination ability and low branching ability, and the formed latent buds have short life. After being stimulated, it is difficult to germinate, and the sprouted branches are slender. High-quality flower buds have strong flowering and fruiting ability, high fruit setting rate, large fruit and good quality; Poor quality flower buds, with late flowering, small flowers, low fruit setting rate, heavy falling flowers and fruits, small size and poor quality. ?
The difference of bud quality obviously affects the growth potential of new shoots in the coming year. In the process of fruit tree pruning, the heterogeneity of buds is often used to adjust the growth and fruit of trees. Strong branches and buds are often used as cutting branches or buds when selecting and cultivating backbone branches and updating the growth and fruiting ability of rejuvenating and fruiting branches. In order to improve the quality of buds, the method of coring in summer can be used to slow down the inhibition of terminal buds on lateral buds, delay the growth intensity of new shoots, promote the full development of leaf buds and perfect flower buds, which is conducive to the emergence of new branches and flowering and fruiting. ?
2. The characteristics of fruit branches and their application in pruning?
2. 1 branch?
The number of branches refers to the total number of annual branches, single fruit tree or trunk branches with a certain thickness per unit area/kloc-0; Branching amount refers to the number of branches on the trunk or a single tree.
The number of branches is an external sign reflecting the growth results of trees. Insufficient branches will lead to vigorous growth of trees, insufficient branches, low yield, low economic benefits, or the phenomenon of bearing fruit in different years; However, if there are too many branches and the tree is weak, although it is easy to blossom, due to lack of nutrition, the fruit setting rate is low and the quality is poor, and it is also easy to appear the phenomenon of big and small years. Only by maintaining the proper number of branches per plant and the number of branches of 667 m2 (mu), can we maintain vigorous tree potential and achieve high quality, high yield and stable yield. ?
The suitable number of branches often varies with different tree species, varieties and tree ages. The total number of branches of young fruit trees is small, but it grows rapidly; After entering the full fruit stage, the total number of branches increased and was relatively stable; After the trees enter the aging period, with the gradual weakening of plant growth potential, the total number of branches and yield also decrease year by year. ?
The number of branches is not only related to tree species and varieties, but also affected by site conditions, nutritional level and pruning techniques. The appropriate number of branches is an important factor to form a high-yield tree structure, and it is also the basis for high quality, high yield and stable yield. The number of branches of fruit trees has obvious influence on the growth potential of the upper and lower parts of main branches and the strength of late-comer advantage. If there are too many branches, the branches at the lower part of the main branches are weak, and the fruiting ability is poor, which is easy to die; When the number of branches is too small, the middle and lower branches of the backbone branches grow vigorously, the advantages of the back are obvious, the vegetative growth is too strong, and the yield is low and unstable. ?
The relationship between the number of branches and the total number of branches is generally complementary, that is, with the increase of the number of branches, the total number of branches also increases accordingly. When pruning, you can balance the tree potential by adjusting the total number of branches and the number of branches, or you can balance the tree potential by adjusting the main branch, upper branch and two branches. When the number of branches and the number of branches are large, more branches sprout from long branches, and the proportion of medium and short branches is also high. When the number of branches and the number of branches are small, the germination ability of branches is also poor, and the proportion of medium and short branches is also low. Because the number of branches and the number of branches are related to the health of fruit trees
Long results are closely related. Therefore, when pruning, for varieties with high germination rate and weak branching ability, attention should be paid to increasing the amount of branching; For varieties with low germination rate and strong branching, attention should be paid to increasing the number of branches; For young trees, it is necessary to cut long and leave many branches, increase the number of branches and promote early flowering and early fruiting; For fruit trees in full fruit stage, the number of branches should be controlled to keep the tree vigorous, prolong the fruiting period and obtain higher economic benefits. ?
The branching angle has an important influence on crown enlargement and early fruiting. Generally, the branch angle is large, which is beneficial to crown expansion and early fruiting; Small branching angle is not conducive to expanding the crown and delaying the fruiting. ?
2.2 Leaf order of fruit trees and its application in pruning?
Leaf order refers to the arrangement order of leaves (or axillary buds) of fruit trees on branches. Different kinds of fruit trees have different leaf orders; The order of leaves sometimes changes with different tree potentials. For example, apple trees and most other fruit trees are 2/5-shaped, that is, leaves (or axillary buds) of two adjacent nodes occupy the circumference of branches? 2/5? . ?
The leaf order of fruit trees plays a very important role in the shaping and pruning of fruit trees. For example, apple trees adopt vacuum layering modeling. When selecting three main branches at the base, three suitable directional buds must be selected. The best way is to choose according to the leaf order. After determining the location of 1 bud, the second directional bud should be selected in the 7th section of 1 bud, and the third directional bud should be selected in the 3rd section of 1 bud. In this way, the selected bud branches can basically ensure that there is an included angle of120 between the three main branches at the base, and there will be no bottleneck phenomenon. ?
2.3 The growth quantity and growth potential of fruit trees and their utilization in pruning?
Growth refers to the increase in the thickness and length of branches in the annual growth cycle of fruit trees. If the thickness and length increase a lot, the growth will be large; On the contrary, the growth rate is small.
Growth potential refers to the length and prosperity of branches in the annual growth cycle. The greater the growth, the stronger the growth potential; The smaller the growth, the weaker the growth potential. ?
Different kinds of fruit trees, different tree ages, different branch ages, different growth amounts and growth potentials. On the 1 year-old branch, the performance of growth amount and growth potential is basically the same, with large growth amount and strong growth potential; Those with small growth have weak growth potential. On perennial branches, the growth amount and growth potential are sometimes consistent and sometimes inconsistent. If the number of 1 annual branches on perennial branches is large and the growth potential is strong, the growth of perennial branches will also increase; However, when the number of perennial branches 1 annual branches is small, even if the growth potential is strong, the growth of perennial branches will decrease because of its large total growth. However, if the number of 1 annual branches on the perennial branches is large, even if the growth potential of 1 annual branches is weak, the perennial branches will still grow greatly. ?
Understanding and mastering the relationship between growth and growth potential is of great significance to fruit tree pruning. In order to maintain the growth advantage of main branches and control the growth potential of auxiliary branches, it is necessary to maintain both the strong growth advantage of main branches and their large growth; For auxiliary branches, it is necessary to control their growth potential and reduce their growth. If the distance between layers is large, the total number of branches of the whole tree is small and there is room for growth, and the auxiliary branches can grow more, but the growth potential of the auxiliary branches must not be stronger than that of the main branches. In order to keep the growth balance of trees, it is necessary to increase the growth of weak branches and enhance their growth potential; For strong branches, it is necessary to weaken their growth potential and control their growth. ?
2.4 How hard and soft are the branches of fruit trees when pruning?
The hardness of fruit tree branches is related to the types and varieties of fruit trees. For example, the branches of Xu, Huang Kui in apples are hard; But the branches of Redjade, Celosia cristata and Hibiscus are soft. The branches of Guoguang Department, Marshal Department and Jinguan Department are moderate in hardness. ?
The hardness of fruit tree branches is directly related to the firmness of tree skeleton. In the process of shaping and pruning, the main branch angle should be opened as soon as possible for varieties with large branch hardness and small opening angle; For varieties with small branch hardness and large opening angle, attention should be paid to adjusting the branch angle as soon as possible to prevent the opening from being too large and affecting the later load capacity. In addition, when determining the height of the trunk, the hardness of the branches should also be considered. In general, if the hardness of branches is small, the fixed dry height should be appropriately higher to prevent the main branches from falling after the full fruit period, which will affect management and fruit quality; If the branches are hard, the fixed stem height can be shorter, so as to expand the crown quickly and improve the early yield. ?
(Date of receipt: 2007? 03? 16; Tel: 037 1-6339 1900)