China's natural landscape gardens deserve to be ranked first. China gardens fully embody the idea of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and people's idea of conforming to nature for survival and development. In gardening techniques, it simulates nature and is higher than nature, that is, "it is artificial, but it is natural." It takes artificial or semi-artificial natural landscape as the skeleton and plant materials as the epidermis, creating infinite scenery in a limited space. It also uses landscape isolation, barrier landscape, frame landscape, transparent landscape and other methods to separate the combined space, forming a variety of unified different attractions, which can be described as dynamic and static. After the Song Dynasty, on the basis of simulating nature, people's spiritual and cultural pursuits were strengthened, and freehand landscape gardens were formed, with poetry and songs as the guiding ideology. Reaching a poetic position has become the essence of traditional gardens in China.
Italian terrace villa garden. Because Italy is located in the Apennine Peninsula in the Mediterranean of southern Europe, it is hot and dry in summer and warm and humid in winter, with slopes on three sides and only a narrow plain along the coast. Therefore, from ancient times to the present, Italian aristocrats and rich people have built villas with their backs to the hillside and facing the sea. During the European Renaissance, Italy became the center of economic prosperity, which made gardens as a cultural form reach its peak. In particular, architects and landscape architects in ancient Greece fled to Italy in large numbers to avoid the Turkish invaders, which revived and developed the culture of the Greek and Roman Empire in that country. The gardening mode of terraced garden is to build a garden from top to bottom under the background of towering European fir forest, with houses built on it and multi-layered terraces formed downwards; Central axis symmetry, multistage waterfall, overlapping water, wall spring, pool; Plastic trees, hedges, flowers, marble statues, flowerpots, animals and other sculptures are symmetrically arranged on both sides. People are in the forest, commanding, and the sea breeze caresses their faces, giving a panoramic view of the unique Mediterranean scenery.
French court garden. France is located in the plain with mild climate, and the royal family and nobles occupy a large territory surrounded by dense forests. Therefore, its garden form as a whole is a plane geometric figure, that is, the palace building is the main body, the central axis is symmetrical and radiates outwards, and fountains and sculptures are arranged according to the axis. Trees are planted in determinant, and most of them are shaped and trimmed into cones, tetrahedrons, rectangles and so on. Form a big garden in the central area. Dense woodland also leads to the four places by straight road, which is convenient for riding, hunting, boating and hiking in the distance. The famous Palace of Versailles is a classic.
Natural wind-induced gardens in Britain. The British Isles are basically rolling hills, which belong to the maritime climate zone of the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is at high latitude, it is influenced by the ocean warm current, which makes the seasons cool and humid. Because of cloudy and foggy weather, people are eager for sunny weather, so people in England and Scotland have formed the concept of advocating nature in the form of gardens. In the distance, there are patches of sparse forests and grasslands, and in the near future, there are patches of wild flowers, winding paths around hills, wooden houses and huts dotted among them, and there are no more artificial carvings. London Garden is a typical work.
As a cultural form, the garden styles of the above four schools radiate influence on neighboring countries, forming the so-called two systems of European customs and oriental gardens.
Several forms of garden green space
The forms of garden green space can be divided into three categories: regular, natural and mixed.
I. Regular gardens
Also known as integral form, architecture, pattern or geometric garden. Western gardens, from Egypt, Greece and Rome to the appearance of British landscape gardens in18th century, are mainly regular gardens, which are represented by Italian terraced architecture gardens in Renaissance and Rainotte landscape gardens in17th century. This kind of garden takes architecture and architectural space layout as the main theme of landscape performance.
Beijing Tiananmen Square Garden, Dalian Stalin Square Garden, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Garden and Beijing Tiantan Park all belong to formal gardens.
Characteristics of conventional gardens:
1. Terrain: In the plain area, it consists of different levels and gentle slopes; In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of stepped horizontal platforms, inclined planes and stone steps of different sizes.
2. Water body design: contour corridors are all geometric figures; Most of them use neat revetment, garden waterscape and plastic pool type, wall spring, plastic waterfall and canal, among which fountain is often the theme of waterscape.
3. Architectural layout: The garden not only adopts the design of symmetrically balancing the central axis for single buildings, but also adopts the method of symmetrically balancing the central axis for the layout of buildings and large buildings, and controls the whole garden with the main axis and the auxiliary axis in the form of main buildings and secondary buildings.
4. Road Square: The outline of the open space and square in the garden is geometric. The enclosed lawn and square space are surrounded by symmetrical buildings or regular forest belts and tree walls. Roads are all composed of straight lines, lines or geometric curves, forming a grid-like or annular radial geometric layout with symmetrical or asymmetrical central axes.
5. Planting design: The flower arrangement in the garden is mainly flower beds and flower borders with patterns as the theme, and sometimes it is arranged into large flower beds. Trees are mainly arranged in determinant and symmetry, and hedges and green walls are widely used to divide and organize space. Trees modeling pruning mainly simulates architectural modeling and animal modeling, such as green columns, green towers, green doors, green pavilions and birds and animals trimmed with evergreen trees.
6. Other scenery in the park: In addition to buildings, flower beds, conventional water features and a large number of fountains, the rest are often dominated by potted trees, potted flowers, vase ornaments and statues. The base of the statue is regular, and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the beginning, end or intersection of the axis.
Formal gardens give people the feeling of grandeur, neatness and solemnity.
Second, the natural garden
Also known as landscape gardens, irregular gardens and landscape gardens. China gardens, starting from the Zhou and Qin Dynasties with historical records, are mostly natural landscape gardens, whether large royal gardens or small private gardens. Among the classical gardens, the Summer Palace, Three Seas Garden, chengde mountain resort, Humble Administrator's Garden and Liuyuan are the representatives. China's natural landscape gardens influenced Japanese gardens from the Tang Dynasty, and were introduced to Britain from the second half of the18th century, which triggered the innovation movement of classical formalism in European gardens. Guangzhou Yuexiu Park, Liuhua Lake Park, Orchid Garden and West Garden are all natural gardens.
Characteristics of natural gardens:
1. Terrain: Plain area, where the terrain is a combination of natural undulating gentle terrain and some artificially sharpened natural undulating mounds, and its cross section is a gentle curve. In mountainous and hilly areas, natural landforms are used, except for buildings and square bases, and the original broken landforms are also manually arranged to make them natural.
2. Water body: its outline is a natural curve, and the river bank is inclined with various natural curves. If there is a revetment, it is also a natural rock revetment. The types of garden waterscape are mainly streams, rivers, natural waterfalls, ponds and lakes. Waterfalls are usually the theme of waterscape.
3. Architecture: The single buildings in the garden are symmetrical or asymmetrical, while the buildings and large buildings are asymmetrical. The whole park is not controlled by the axis, but by the continuity of the main guiding lines.
4. Road Square: the open space in the garden and the open grassland and square with closed natural outline, surrounded by asymmetric buildings, earth mountains, natural trees and forest belts. The plane and section of the road are composed of natural undulating plane lines and vertical curves.
5. Planting design: Planting in the garden cannot determine the natural beauty of natural plant communities. Flower arrangement is mainly based on flowers and plants, and there is no need for patterned flower beds. Trees are mainly planted with isolated trees, shrubs and Woods, hedges are trimmed irregularly, and natural shrubs, trees and trees are used to divide and organize garden space. Tree modeling does not simulate the figure of architectural birds and beasts, but mainly simulates the ancient trees in nature.
6. Other scenery in the park: In addition to buildings, natural landscapes and plant communities, rocks, fake stones, piles, bonsai and sculptures are still the main scenery, among which the pedestal of the statue is natural and the position of the statue is mostly arranged at the focus of the perspective line.
Natural gardens have a long history in China, and most classical gardens are natural gardens. It is reflected in the fact that tourists stay at home, just like being in nature and traveling around famous mountains and rivers. Chengde mountain resort, for example, is a park with gardens in the north and south of China, where you can enjoy various styles of garden landscapes. There are many pictures of natural gardens, and only a few are selected for everyone to enjoy.
Third, mixed gardens.
In the garden, if the proportion of regular garden and natural garden is similar, it can be called mixed garden. Such as Guangzhou Martyrs Cemetery. In the garden rules, we can plan the original flat terrain into a regular pattern, the original undulating terrain into a natural pattern, the hill water surface into a natural pattern, and the trees into a regular pattern. Large-scale gardens, natural patterns are appropriate, and small areas are more economical. If the surrounding environment is regular, it is planned to be regular, and if the surrounding environment is natural, it is planned to be natural. Boulevard, street garden of building square, etc. It should be regular style. The green space in front of residential areas, institutions, factories, gymnasiums and large buildings should be mixed.
Guangzhou Tianhe Space Wonder is a mixed garden.
I think schools are different from ordinary gardens, for example, students go to and from school, the flow of people is large, and large venues are needed for recess and large-scale activities. Therefore, the greening design of the school should be mixed and matched, not only with traditional garden style, but also with large activity venues reserved. This style is very common in big schools.