1. Site conditions: Hongmei likes warmth, sunshine, drought, barren and waterlogging. The soil requirement is not high, and it can grow well in well-drained clay, loam, sandy loam and slightly alkaline soil. It is best to choose sandy loam with more humus on the sunny or semi-sunny slope of leeward.
Second, the construction of red plum trees is a deciduous small tree, which can be densely planted as needed, and the plant spacing is generally 3-5 meters. Plum blossom is a shallow-rooted tree species, and its roots are distributed in the surface soil layer of 40 cm, so the specifications of tree holes are generally 50cm×50 cm×40cm.
Third, the selection of seedlings meets the ecological requirements, and it is better to choose 2-year-old grafted seedlings in suitable places and trees. For example, if you choose straight plum, you can use Nangong powder and compound green grass calyx; Plum with drooping branches can choose double green drooping branches and bright red drooping branches. Powder cinnabar, Xue Mei, etc. Can be used to select early flowers; The selected flowers can be pink, small palace sand and so on.
Fourth, the planting time can be from 1 1 to March of the following year, and it is generally better to plant before winter, which is conducive to the early rooting and growth of plum blossoms. When planting, mixed fertilizer should be applied to the dug tree holes. If the soil is too sticky, fine sand, broken straw or coal ash should be added into the tree hole to facilitate drainage. Before planting, it is necessary to trim the long roots, and if possible, it is best to dip the roots in mud before planting. Rooting powder, carbendazim and plant growth regulator can be added into the slurry. The planting depth is the same as the original seedling. After planting, when the seedlings grow to 50-70 cm, they should be watered and cut. In order to prevent strong wind from shaking, it can be fixed with triangular bamboo poles.
Planting method of oranges:
I. Diseases
1, citrus canker can occur from early April to late 10. Spring shoot infection is generally very mild, but it will affect the later onset. Ulcer bacteria are easy to invade from wounds, and orange varieties are easy to get sick; Without natural disasters, oranges and oranges seldom get sick. Prevention and control methods: planting windbreaks, cutting off diseased branches and leaves, and removing sporadic summer shoots in time. No matter nursery or young trees, if canker disease is found after shoot release, it is best to remove shoot release. For citrus fruit trees, we mainly grasp the following four key prevention and control periods: (1) after each typhoon and rainstorm; (2) When the average fruit diameter is 65438 0.5-2.0 cm; (3) timely control liriomyza huidobrensis and reduce pests; (4) 15- 20 days after germination of late summer buds or autumn buds. 0.5% equal bordeaux solution, 80% Sheng Da M-45 powder 800 times solution, 77% kocide 2000 800 times solution, etc. Should be used interchangeably.
2. Huanglongbing mostly occurs after the spring shoots mature and leaves turn green in summer and autumn. Prevention and control methods: (1) Strictly implement the quarantine system to prevent the entry of diseased seedlings and scions and insects that spread the disease; ⑵ Establish a disease-free nursery, select disease-free mother trees as propagation materials, and plant disease-free seedlings; (3) Strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water in the orchard, strengthen the tree potential and improve the disease resistance; (4) Control the infectious insect-citrus psylla. Spraying 800 times of 80% dichlorvos EC or 40% omethoate 1000 times at each germination stage; 5] Dig out the diseased plants in time and burn them.
3. Anthracnose Citrus is harmed by anthracnose, which often causes defoliation, dead branches, stiff fruits and "dead stems", resulting in weak trees and decreased yield. In severe cases, the whole diseased tree died, causing huge losses. Agricultural measures should be the main prevention and control measures, focusing on eliminating bacterial sources, supplemented by timely spraying protection: (1) Strengthening cultivation management, especially paying attention to deep cultivation and soil improvement in citrus orchards, increasing the application of organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and improving disease resistance, which are the most fundamental and effective prevention and control measures; (2) Thoroughly remove the source of the disease, cut off diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruit stalks for centralized burning, and pay attention to removing fallen leaves and fruits at any time. When clearing the garden in winter, combined with other pest control, spray Bomei 0.8- 1 degree of stone sulfur mixture 1 time; ⑶ Chemical control: 600-800 times of 80% Sheng Da M-45 wettable powder, 600-800 times of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 400-600 times of 80% elite wettable powder, etc.
4. Scab easily occurs in young fruit stage, new shoot germination stage, after flowering, high temperature, high humidity and rainy season. Prevention and control methods: (1) Strengthen quarantine work to prevent the introduction of germs, especially pay attention to the introduction of new scab strains from abroad; (2) Prune diseased branches and leaves, combine pruning in winter and early spring, prune diseased branches and leaves, and timely prune new diseased branches after the onset of spring shoots; ⑶ Chemical control: focusing on the control of young fruit scab, spraying chemical agents in 2/3 of flowering period, using 80% Sheng Da M-45 wettable powder 600-800 times, 77% Cody 2000,800 times, Shigao 1000 times, etc. In addition, the common diseases of citrus are skirt rot, gummosis, soot disease, resin disease, peeling disease, leaf broken disease, gypsum disease and so on. And timely prevention and control of these diseases.
Second, pests.
1, Red Spider Citrus Red Spider is parasitic on citrus trees all the year round. Adult mites, nymph mites and juvenile mites are all harmful. They use their mouths to pierce leaves, branches and peels to absorb juice, but the leaves are most damaged, especially in citrus nurseries or young trees. The damaged leaves show many small gray spots and lose their luster. In severe cases, the leaves are completely gray and a large number of leaves fall, which affects the tree potential and yield. The insect can occur all year round, with frequent high temperature and dry weather, especially in April-June and September-165438+1October. Control method: (1) Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, and spray 1 degree sulfur mixture or turpentine mixture 10- 12 times to eliminate the overwintering insect source; ⑵ Check the insect situation regularly. If there are 2-3 red spiders in each leaf, spray them in time for control. Use 50% acaricide EC 1500 times, 20% acaricide EC 1500 times, 50% Torck EC 1500 times and 73% propargite EC 2000-2500 times. (3) Protect natural enemies and carry out biological control. Orchards should plant grass seeds parasitized with beneficial natural enemies such as white flowers to establish a good ecological environment for orchards.
2. Rust Spiders Citrus rust spiders harm the leaves and fruits of citrus. Its harm is often that mouthparts pierce plant tissues, pierce oil cells on fruits and leaves, and the aromatic oil in cells overflows and turns black when exposed to air and sunlight. The fruit is small, thick and black, and the people call it "cowhide orange" and "black charcoal pill". The insect can occur all year round, with frequent high temperature and dry weather, especially in April-65438+10 every year. Control method: (1) Do a good job in clearing the garden in winter, and spray 1 degree sulfur mixture or turpentine mixture 10- 12 times to eliminate the overwintering insect source; (2) When there are 2-4 leaves or 5-6% leaves with rusty spiders, it is necessary to carry out drug control. The drug can be 50% acaricide EC 1500 times, 1.8% avermectin EC 4000-5000 times and 20% acaricide EC 1500 times; ⑶ Protect natural enemies, especially polychaetes, mite-eating ladybugs, predatory mites, mite-eating thrips, lacewings and other natural enemies, establish a good ecological environment in the orchard, and implement the method of combining fruit with grass.
Another planting method:
Fertilization of young trees is based on the principle of "two fertilizers for one branch, and diligent application and thin application". In the third year, fertilization should be strengthened. Generally, fertilizer is applied 3-4 times a year, that is, quick-acting fertilizer is applied once before spring shoots, and no fertilizer is applied in May-June to control summer shoots. If there are few fruits, 1-2 quick-acting fertilizer can be applied to attack summer shoots in mid-July, and heavy fertilizer can be applied to attack autumn shoots in early September. Trees with more fruits should be heavily fertilized in August and September to attack autumn shoots, and 1-2 times of available water should be applied at the new shoot stage to strengthen fruits and new shoots. Slow-acting organic fertilizer is the main application of heavy fertilizer before and after fruit picking in winter. Fertilization amount: the annual fertilization amount of young trees per mu can be referred to as follows: cake fertilizer 70 kg, compound fertilizer 80 kg, pig cow dung 200-300 kg and lime 60 kg.
(2) Irrigation and drainage. Young tree roots are weak and have poor resistance, so special attention should be paid to water management. Drain after a long rain and irrigate in case of drought. Second, three-year-old trees should be properly controlled in autumn and winter to inhibit winter shoots and promote flower bud differentiation.
2. Soil management (1) intertillage. Generally, it can be done 2-3 times a year, once before the rainy season and once after fruit picking, with the depth of 10- 15 cm, or combined with intercropping shallow-rooted short-stem crops to loosen the soil. (2) Cultivate the soil. After three years of planting, paddy fields should be cultivated every year, and it can be carried out in autumn and winter. The thickness of each cultivation is generally 3-5 cm, and the tree tray is expanded year by year. (3) Deeply cultivate and improve the soil. Citrus orchards on hilly slopes should be deeply cultivated and improved within three years after planting. Generally, it is carried out at the end of summer and autumn every year, or in combination with11-65438+February, the original planting holes are expanded year by year, and the soil is improved by pressing green.
3. Plastic surgery. Young tree pruning is based on cultivating early fruiting and high yield trees. The specific method is to wipe off the buds sprouting at the base of the main branch, put sporadic early buds 1-2 times, and then put the shoots evenly. After the bamboo shoots are sprouted, the buds are thinned, and the weak buds are kept, and 2-3 buds are left on each branch. When the branches are ripe, they should be picked and chopped. The autumn buds of the bearing mother branches cannot be cut short. When the branch angle is too small or too large, the branch angle can be corrected at about 40-50 degrees by pulling or hanging wires. Pest control: Huanglongbing is strictly quarantined, and seedlings and diseased materials (such as scions) in epidemic areas are strictly prohibited from being transported to new areas and non-epidemic areas. Seedlings of diseased plants or possibly diseased plants should be planted in a controlled and relatively concentrated manner in the ward to prevent further spread. All newly opened orchards should be planted with disease-free seedlings. Establishing disease-free nursery and cultivating disease-free seedlings are the key measures to prevent Huanglongbing. It is necessary to cultivate disease-free seedlings without Huanglongbing and some dangerous diseases (such as ulcer and peeling disease). Used for planting in new areas and areas where new orchards are disease-free. Dig out the diseased plant. In view of the fact that there is no effective method to treat fruit tree Huanglongbing at present. Sick trees left in the ground are the source of disease. Therefore, once the trees with Huanglongbing are found, it is an important measure to prevent the spread of Huanglongbing immediately. The practice is: check each plant carefully in spring, summer and autumn, especially in autumn, and dig out the diseased plants and burn them immediately. Before digging out the diseased trees, the diseased trees and nearby plants should be sprayed with 40% omethoate 1000 times solution and other chemicals to prevent citrus psylla from transferring and spreading from the diseased trees to the surrounding areas. Newly built citrus orchards with incidence below 10% and old citrus orchards with incidence below 20% can replant disease-free seedlings after digging out diseased plants. Control citrus psylla, which is a vector insect that spreads Huanglongbing. Growing on the buds and shoots of fruit trees. By controlling water and fertilizer, the new shoots are controlled, so that the new shoots are neat and consistent, and the shoot development period is shortened. When the new buds germinate to 1-2 cm, spray insecticide 1-2 times. In winter, citrus psylla likes to fly to Murraya near the orchard for winter. Spraying pesticides on Murraya murraya has a certain effect on reducing the number of psyllids. In addition, planting shelterbelts around orchards can hinder the migration of psyllids. Strengthening management, especially water and fertilizer management of fruit trees, keeping trees strong and improving disease resistance plays an important role in reducing the occurrence of Huanglongbing and the losses caused by the disease. Transform the ward into a new area. For some orchards where citrus Huanglongbing is very serious and has lost its economic value, it is necessary to implement the transformation of the disease area, that is, all the fruit trees in the whole orchard (including those that may have been infected but have not shown symptoms) should be dug up, and then disease-free seedlings should be replanted. Doing well in pest control, digging out diseased trees in time and strengthening management can transform the ward into a disease-free new area. 2. Prevention and treatment of canker disease: It is best to completely cut off the diseased leaves of diseased branches and burn them centrally to prevent and control leaf miner and reduce the occurrence of diseases. In addition, spray the medicine once before flowering in spring, 65 days, 438+00 days, 30 days, 50 days after flowering, and when the leaves turn green in summer and autumn. The agents are Bordeaux mixture, 50% amobam, 25% Yekuling and Tobuzin. 3. Prevention and control of red spider and rust spider; Do a good job in biological control, such as sowing flying grass in the orchard and creating an environment conducive to the survival of natural enemies, such as mite-eating ladybugs, predatory mites, lacewings and so on. Chemical agents include: propargite EC, 50% Torck wettable powder, dicofol, dicofol, etc. Chemicals used to control red rust spiders should be used in turn to prevent drug resistance. 4. Liriomyza sativae harms young leaves, makes them curl, affects photosynthesis, and the wound is easily invaded by other germs, causing many diseases, especially for young trees with summer shoots, more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of Liriomyza sativae. Control method: spray 1 time when the new branch length is 0.5- 1 cm, spray 1 time every 7 days, 2-3 times in a row, and use 1000 times of water or 1000 times of 40% isocarbophos solution.