Apple Soil, Fertilizer and Water Management
The management of soil, fertilizer and water in orchard is the basis of increasing fruit production and the center of comprehensive management. During the growth and development of fruit trees, it is necessary to constantly absorb water, nutrients and some air from the soil to ensure the normal growth and development of fruit trees. To build orchards in hilly areas, we must give full play to the favorable conditions of sufficient sunshine, overcome the unfavorable conditions of thin soil, little water and low fertility, and make use of the group advantages of close planting to achieve early fruit, early high yield, high yield, stable yield and high quality. We must strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
1, soil management. The general requirement is that the active soil layer of the whole round soil reaches more than 80 cm, and loam is the best soil quality.
(1) When building a circle, when the plant spacing is less than 2.5m, ditching should be done for soil preparation. ..
(2) Deep ploughing should be completed year by year or once, especially in mountain orchards.
(3) Clay ground should be mixed with sand, sand should be mixed with clay, and loam should be achieved as much as possible.
(4) The best time for deep ploughing is autumn and watering after ploughing.
2. Fertilizer management.
(1) Fertilization type and amount.
Fertilization should be based on farmyard manure, especially base manure. The amount of farmyard manure applied to each young tree should be 30-50 kg per year.
Fertilization should be formulated, and the habit of applying only nitrogen fertilizer should be reversed. Only applying nitrogen fertilizer without farm manure makes the fruit trees tend to be biased towards nitrogen, causing serious fruit rot and ring rot, difficult flowering, low fruit setting rate, poor fruit quality, light taste and color difference. The annual fertilization amount is 100 kg, and the apple needs about 3 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are applied at the same time. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2: 65,438+0: 2 (apples, red fruits and pears), and that of peach trees is 3: 65,438+0: 3.
(2) Fertilization time. Farmhouse manure is best after autumn, and it can also be combined with deep ploughing in late autumn and early winter. Chemical fertilizer is easy to be applied twice, once before watering the flowers, once at the flower bud differentiation stage in June, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied in June.
(3) Fertilization method. (omitted).
In a word, fruit trees should realize formula fertilization, increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, rejuvenate trees, make more flowers into good flowers, control diseases and improve fruit quality.
3. water. Generally, water should be poured about 4 times a year, at least with frozen water and water before flowering. The method of watering should be done in small beds, and the habit of watering trees should be changed. Plastic pruning of closely planted apples.
Planting density, mountain area, 2×4, 2×5 meters is easy; Plain land, 3×5 meters is better.
Selected varieties. Red Fuji: Guoguang × Marshal; Red star; Wang Lin: Golden Crown × India. Jonah King: Golden Crown × Ruby; Jin Hongguang: the female parent is Jinguan, and the male parent is unknown; Victory: White Dragon × Woking.
About non-toxic seedlings and dwarfing rootstocks. Improved varieties, innocuity, dwarfing and close planting are the general trends of apple production. It is necessary to adapt to new forms and apply new technologies to improve fruit yield and quality.
Key points of free spindle-shaped shaping and pruning techniques for close-planted apples.
(1) Stage pruning of young trees.
A. once a year. The stem height is 80 cm, and the stem height is 40 ~ 60 cm. The height of the tree is less than the row spacing and more than half of the row spacing. The main branch 10 ~ 15, and the included angle is about 80 degrees. There are no side branches on the main branch, and the main branch is directly attached to the branch group, and the main branch has no hierarchy. In the improved spindle shape, several larger branches can be planted on several main branches at the base, which can also be called side branches. The distance between the main branches on the same side is more than 50 cm. A few jingles: big branches are bright, and every solitary gang is full of light inside and outside, and there is hope for high yield. The three-dimensional included angle of the auxiliary branch is greater than 90 degrees.
B. pruning of biennial trees. The central stem is short and full of buds, leaving a length of about 50 cm. Sparse two buds. Other branches don't move. That is, cut two scissors (a dozen insect tips to remove the bent parts) every winter.
C. Three-or four-year-old trees can be shaped according to this treatment, with large branches, rapid formation, early flowering and easy fruiting. The center of the young tree's shaping stage is early formation, which increases the amount of branches and leaves.
D. Summer scissors: peel and pull immediately.
Bud carving: March 10 to before germination. The object is to cut off 4 buds, carve one bud every 3 buds, and do not carve it below 40 cm (referring to the current year = new tree planting). The main branch carved all the full buds on both sides and under the back. The auxiliary branches should be fully carved with buds. The method is to cut 1\3 branches with a hacksaw one millimeter in front of the bud and cut them to the xylem.
Girdling: From the end of May to the beginning of June. The object is the central trunk 10 cm or more, and both the main branch and the auxiliary branch can be used. The method is to desquamate for one week, and the index is 1 month, and the width is generally 1 ~ 3 mm, not too wide. According to the local conditions, it is not suitable to peel the overgrown branches twice or even three times.
Raj: It was after beginning of autumn. The objects are the main branch and the auxiliary branch. Methods: The traction was supported by a foot opener. Angle main branch 70 ~ > >
How can the survival rate of apple saplings be high?
First, select seedlings. Choose seedlings with no pests and diseases, strong growth, developed roots, short internodes, no water loss and full buds. Recommend the big seedlings with developed root system of Yantai Hong Yu Xiang fruit industry.
Second, timely planting. After the soil is frozen, before germination.
Third, apply sufficient root fertilizer. Before planting, apply decomposed pork and beef fertilizer 10~ 15 kg to each hole in the planting hole with a length of 80~ 100 cm. Fertilizer and soil are fully mixed and cannot be in direct contact with roots. Apply it below the planting site, 30~40 cm away from the topsoil.
Fourth, seedling finishing. After the seedlings are shipped back, the roots and new buds should be trimmed properly.
5. Promote roots before planting. 1, soaked for 6~ 12 hours. 2. Rooting powder treatment: 50~ 100 mg of rooting powder No.3 is added with water 1 kg for root soaking. 3. Soak the roots with chemicals and 0.5% aspirin for 6-8 hours.
6. Planting. Straighten all the roots, evenly distribute them in all directions in the planting hole, slightly incline downward, fill in fine soil for compaction, lift the seedlings up slightly when they are halfway filled, straighten the seedlings, and then fill them with your feet. Only when the soil is not too high can you get married.
7. Water it in time. Water the roots once a day for five days in a row and once every other day after five days. After 20~30 days, the topsoil can be scraped lightly for inspection. If new roots germinate, thin decomposed fertilizer can be applied at one time, and organic quick-acting liquid fertilizer can be applied thinly on the basis of nitrogen fertilizer for survival logistics.
How to manage apple seedlings after planting
This is an article selected from the teacher of Hong Yu Xiang Fruit Industry Building:
Field planting
The planting time should be chosen in spring, when the temperature is 12 degrees and 16 degrees. When burying soil in the hole, the periphery of the hole should be at the depth of 15 cm above the ground, and six crops should be planted (15: 15). However, the fertilizer must be far away from the roots of saplings to prevent the roots from burning. The planting depth is about 12cm, and more water should be poured in that year. In order to ensure that there is enough water in each hole, each hole should be covered with 90 cm ×90 cm plastic film, and the water basin should be blocked on all sides to keep water and fat. Fertilizer should be applied three times from June to September and scattered around the pit. At the beginning of June 5438+ 10, furrows were opened to feed compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer, so that the trees and roots could store nutrients for the winter, also called monthly fertilizer. No crops can be planted around 1.5 m apple seedlings, so as not to affect the growth of seedlings.
Plastic decoration:
I recommend a tree called three main sparse layers to fruit farmers. When the tree is planted, it will dry in the same year, with a dry height of about 86 cm. If the planting line is in the north-south direction, a bud can be carved in the southeast direction 63 cm from the ground as the first main branch, the second main branch in the southwest direction 73 cm from the ground, and the third main branch in the north direction, and so on. The main branches extend outward at an angle of 75 degrees. The whole tree is divided into three layers, the first layer has three main branches, the second layer has two main branches, the third layer has two main branches, and the included angle of the main branches above the second layer is about 80 degrees. More trunk branches should be left in the young tree stage to increase the early yield, and the thickness ratio of trunk to main branch should be controlled at 3: 1. In the spring of the second year of planting, three main branches with reasonable height and the same direction should be selected, and no thinning should be kept. Other scissors can be thinned. But the three main branches should be balanced. The strength is equal, and there can be no tendency to dry up. The height of secondary drying can be about 60 cm. Fuji trees have no lateral branches or secondary branches, but bear fruit units of large and small directly on the main branches, which are called fruiting mother branches. Results The mother branches formed fruiting clusters on the main branches, and the mother branches were radially distributed on the main branches, and the total height of the trunk was about 2.2 -2.5 meters.
How to cultivate and manage dwarf apple seedlings is better?
M9T337 dwarf rootstock tobacco is rich in 10 seedlings.
M9T337 introduced from Holland is a virus-free M9 selection line, also known as NAKB T337, which is 20% shorter than M9. It is the most successful and widely used virus-free dwarf rootstock in the world. Its advantages are easy flowering, early fruiting and wide adaptability. Cultivating big seedlings with branches can make gardens grow quickly and bear fruit early, and generally, high yield can be obtained in the second to third year.
M26 dwarf tobacco with intermediate rootstock is rich in 10 seedlings.
M26 is a dwarf rootstock variety introduced from Britain, which is widely used in China. It can effectively dwarf apple plants and bear fruit early. High yield, stable yield, high quality, fruit coloring, sugar content, uniformity are higher than Qiao Hua rootstock.
Selection and evaluation of rootstock
At present, the cultivation of apples in European countries mainly adopts self-rooted rootstock seedlings of dwarf rootstock "M9T337" selected by Holland. Japan and France also have their own rootstocks, compare M9T337. According to foreign data and our cultivation observation in recent years, M9T337 rootstock apple seedlings are suitable for cultivation conditions in our province as far as rootstock is concerned, and no bad cultivation form is found.
M9T337 is still the most widely used in the world, and M9-T337 has the best flowering and rooting effect in M9 series. There are two main points in the evaluation of M9T337 rootstock by various nursery farms. One is that the rooting and flowering effect is good, and it is easy to breed and utilize early high yield; Second, the distribution of roots is shallow, so it is very important to add columns after planting. According to the investigation of our new development base 20 12, many orchards do not add columns in the first year after planting, which is a very serious problem that needs our attention in the future.
4. Garden selection
Choosing a garden is the first step to successfully build a garden. First of all, the garden site must be selected in good ecological conditions, away from pollution sources and with water sources. The irrigation water quality, soil and air environment conditions of the orchard meet the most basic requirements for safe fruit production. The orchard should be close to the big water surface, because not only the reservoir can ensure the irrigation water for the orchard all year round, but also the big water surface can stabilize the regional environmental temperature and reduce the risk of freezing injury in the late spring. Secondly, from the terrain, the gentle slope is better, and the orchard with slope must plant grass. Low-lying areas susceptible to frost should be avoided. There is no special requirement for soil type, generally sandy loam to loam is better, and the organic matter content is not less than 0.8%, and the soil depth is 1 m.
The installation of irrigation facilities and traffic conditions are also issues that need to be considered before the garden is built.
Dwarf self-rootstock apple trees have shallow root distribution and must have irrigation conditions. Orchard irrigation facilities must be installed before the garden is built to facilitate irrigation during planting. Newly-built orchards can make use of the existing reservoirs nearby, or build dams at suitable places near the planned orchards to block water to form small reservoirs, or dig large wells or pump wells. For professional cooperatives or enterprises to build large orchards, it is suggested to build dams and small reservoirs to make full use of surface water with the permission of relevant departments. After the water source is available, if the investment permits, micro-irrigation facilities should be installed before the garden is built, including head control, main pipeline, field head and field pipe network. According to the current price (20 1 1 year), the imported pressure compensation type dropper is self-controlled, about 250,000 yuan/100 mu orchard, and the domestic dropper is self-controlled, about 230,000 yuan/100 mu orchard; Manual control of imported pressure compensation dropper, about 654.38+0.4 million yuan /654.38+0.000 mu orchard; Manual control of domestic dropper, about 1.2 million yuan/100 mu orchard. Conditional orchards can be equipped with humidity probes in the root distribution area of the orchard and connected with the automatic irrigation control system. The dropper can choose direct dripping or micro-spraying. In the head control part, a fertilizer adding pipe can be provided for topdressing through the irrigation system, but this is not necessary. Irrigation facilities and their investment depend on the scale and equipment requirements of orchards, and should generally be designed and installed by professional companies.
5. Planting density
The row spacing design of dwarf rootstock close planting apple orchard includes single row close planting, double row close planting and V-shape. The results of a large number of comparative experiments in various countries show that single-row close planting has the best effect considering yield, fruit quality, orchard management and investment benefit. It is suggested that the row spacing between plants should be 3.5-4.0× 1.0- 1.5 m, the height of trees should be 3-3.5 m, and 3-4 iron wires should be planted in the shed, with the height per kloc.
6, plastic pruning
Select the appropriate tree.
At present, the main apple producing countries in the world generally believe that M9T337 is short and self-rooted >>
How many apple seedlings are planted on an acre of land?
No.8 is an old variety, and now it is about 0.8- 1.5. There is no need to develop and look for Cheng Peng seedlings at the end of the yield.
You can learn about some new varieties for your reference.
Water the apple seedlings before or after planting.
Water the fruit tree seedlings immediately after planting, and then water them every 7 ~ 10 days until the rainy season comes.
Cultivation techniques of red-fleshed apple trees
Cultivation techniques of apple trees
Apple is also a high-yield fruit tree with strong adaptability to soil. General hills, beaches and mild saline-alkali land can be planted in pieces after appropriate improvement.
Growth and fruiting habits and their requirements for environmental conditions
1. Growth and fruiting habits Apple roots have no natural dormancy period, and adult trees have two or three growth peaks a year, which are transferred according to the distribution of photosynthetic products, the formation rate of aboveground organs and the external environment such as soil temperature and moisture. The first root grows before germination, and turns to low tide when flowering and new shoots grow vigorously. When the new shoots stopped growing, the second root growth peak appeared, which was large in number but short in growth time The third growth peak is in autumn and before and after fruit harvest. Because of the long autumn, long root growth time and large growth in Huaibei area, it is a good opportunity for trees to accumulate and store nutrients. In addition, under the influence of soil temperature, the upper and lower roots grow alternately.
Apple branches can be divided into growing branches and fruiting branches. According to its length, there are several kinds of growing branches: long branches, middle branches, short branches and leafy branches. Sooner or later, different types of branches will stop growing and have different abilities to store nutrients. Leaves and short branches usually stop growing 3-4 weeks after budding and spreading leaves, and the nutrients accumulate earlier, so they are rarely transported to the outside. The middle and long branches stop growing late and sometimes cannot form neck buds. They produce more assimilated nutrients, have greater external transport capacity, and are the main source of nutrients stored by trees (including roots). Therefore, the same tree should have different numbers and proportions of long, medium and short branches, and the new shoots of apples often show obvious secondary growth characteristics. Long branches can be divided into two parts: spring shoots and autumn shoots. Compared with the northern apple producing areas, the growth of new shoots and the proportion of autumn shoots are two characteristics of apple branch growth in Huaibei area. Small trees tend to flourish.
There are differences in germination rate, branching ability and apical dominance among different apple varieties, which affect the differences in dryness, stratification and tree shape of the whole crown, and also affect the early or late fruiting period.
According to their length and flower bud location, fruiting branches can be divided into four types: long fruit branches (> 15cm), medium fruit branches (5cm ~ 15cm), short fruit branches (< 5cm) and axillary flower bud branches. Flower buds are mixed buds, which can produce new buds and blossom and bear fruit at the top after opening. Because the new fruiting branch is extremely short, it expands to form a fruit platform after fruiting, so the fruiting branch is actually the fruiting mother branch. Most apple varieties are mainly short fruit branches, and some varieties occupy a certain proportion of long, middle and axillary flower buds in the young tree stage and the first fruit stage, which is the performance of young trees bearing fruit early. With the growth of tree age, the proportion of all kinds of fruit branches will change and gradually transition to short fruit branches.
Results the fruiting branches of l ~ 2 generally appeared in the new stage, either long or short, which was related to the variety characteristics. The ability of fruit-setting technology to continuously form flower buds varies with varieties and nutrition. Guoguang lasts for 5 years, and Jinguan lasts for about 3 years. Most red stars form buds every other year.
Apple is usually a cross-pollinated tree species, and pollinated varieties need to be configured in production to meet the requirements of normal seed setting rate. However, some varieties such as Guoguang, Anna and Maiyan have a certain degree of self-pollination and seed setting rate. The flowering period is generally 6-8 days. The flowering period is shortened when the temperature is high and dry, and prolonged when the air is cold and humid. Some varieties have a long flowering period, and the flowers bloom in batches. The first batch of flowers have good quality and high fruit setting rate. When the flowers are big, the later flowers can be thinned as soon as possible. If the amount of flowers is insufficient, or the first flowers suffer from frost, you can make full use of the later flowers.
In the process of fruit development, there are two processes of falling flowers and fruits. Fallen flowers are the flowers that are pollinated and fertilized, and the ovary does not expand. The first fruit drop occurred at 1 ~ 2 weeks after flowering, which was caused by incomplete fertilization and the young fruit had a certain size. The second fruit drop occurred 2 ~ 4 weeks after the first fruit drop, also known as "fruit drop in June", which was mainly caused by the competition of various organs for nutrients and had a great relationship with the strength of the tree. In addition, some varieties will have a pre-harvest fruit drop before the fruit matures. Fruit dropping in June is a self-thinning phenomenon formed during the development of fruit tree system. Normal and a certain amount of fruit drop is natural, but serious fruit drop caused by bad weather or improper cultivation techniques will affect the yield. It is estimated that only 5% ~ 15% of the flowers can bear fruit in the case of large flowers, which can ensure high yield. Different apple varieties often have different natural fruit numbers per inflorescence. There are many golden crowns and Guoguang, which can reach 4 ~ 5, marshal and red star talents 1, ruby talents 1 ~ 2.
2. Importance of environmental conditions >>
Planting method of Yanfu 10 apple seedlings How many trees are planted per mu?
Lou Shaoran, a teacher of Hong Yu Xiang Fruit Industry, suggested that 80 trees are one meter shorter and 33 trees are Joe. Red Yu Xiang fruit industry is a regular planting base mainly for apple planting. New apple seedlings such as Xin 200 1, Xin Yanfu No.3, Yan Fu No.8, Yan Fu 10, Yan Fu 6 short branch, Hong Jiangjun and Pacific Gala cultivated by Lou are the main varieties planted in apple orchards and old orchards in recent years.