1. 1 Proteus history 1
1.2 Proteus application field 1
1.3 deformed VSM component 2
Start and exit of 1.4 Proteus 3
1.5 Proteus design flow 5
1.5. 1 top-down design 5
1.5.2 bottom-up design 5
1.6 Proteus installation method 6
Chapter 2 Basic Operation of Transforming the Islamic State 9
2. 1 Proteus "Islamic State" working interface 9
2. 1. 1 Edit Window 9
2. 1.2 preview window 1 1
2. 1.3 Object Selector 1 1
2. 1.4 menu bar and main toolbar +0 1
2. 1.5 status bar 13
2. 1.6 toolbox 13
2. 1.7 directional toolbar and analog buttons 15
2.2 Editing Environment Settings 16
2.2. 1 template settings 16
2.2.2 Chart Settings 16
2.2.3 Graphic Settings 17
2.2.4 Text Settings 17
2.2.5 Graphic Text Settings 17
2.2.6 intersection setting 19
2.3 System parameter setting 20
2.3. 1 Component List Settings 20
Environment Settings 22
Path setting 23
Attribute Definition Settings 24
2.3.5 Drawing size setting 25
Text Editing Option Settings 25
Shortcut Settings 25
Animation Option Settings 27
Simulation Option Settings 28
Example 2- 1 Schematic Example 32
Chapter 3 Proteus "Islamic State" Circuit Diagram 36
3. 1 Drawing mode and command 36
3. 1. 1 component mode 37
3. 1.2 node mode 38
3. 1.3 line label mode 38
3. 1.4 Text Script Mode 39
3. 1.5 bus mode 4 1
3. 1.6 Branch Circuit Mode 4 1
3. 1.7 terminal mode 42
3. 1.8 Device Pin Mode 43
3. 1.9 2D graphics tool 44
3.2 Operation of Conductor 45
3.2. 1 two-object connection 45
Connection point 45
Repeat wiring 46
3.2.4 Drag the connecting line 46
3.2.5 Removing Node 47
3.3 Operation of Objects 47
3.3. 1 selected object 48
3.3.2 Placement of objects 48
3.3.3 Delete the object 48
3.3.4 Copy objects 48
3.3.5 Drag the object 48
3.3.6 Adjustment object 49
3.3.7 Adjustment direction 49
Edit object 49
3.4 Drawing Circuit Diagram Advanced 49
Replacement element 49
Hide pin 49
3.4.3 Setting the head frame 50
3.4.4 Set the external wiring 5 1
3.5 Typical examples 52
Example 3- 1 Drawing * * * Emitter Amplifier Circuit 52
Example 3-2 The three-bit binary consisting of JK flip-flops is the same.
Drawing and testing of step counter 54
Example 3-3 Drawing and Simulation of Keyboard 57
Example 3-4 Serial Input and Parallel Output Controlled by Single Chip Microcomputer
Shift register drawing exercise 65
Chapter 4 ProteusISIS analysis and simulation tools 69
4. 1 virtual instrument 69
4.2 Probe 7 1
4.3 Chart 72
4.4 excitation source 74
DC signal generator DC setting 75
4.4.2 Sine with controllable amplitude, frequency and phase
Sine setting of waveform generator 75
4.4.3 Pulse setting of analog pulse generator 76
4.4.4 Experimental Settings of Exponential Pulse Generator 77
4.4.5 Single frequency FM signal generator SFFM
Setting 78
4.4.6 PWLIN piecewise linear pulse signal generation
Device Settings 78
4.4.7 File Signal Generator Settings 79
4.4.8 Audio Settings of Audio Signal Generator 80
Single-cycle digital pulse generator DPULSE
Set 8 1
Digital single-side signal generator DEDGE
Set 8 1
4.4. 1 1 digital monostable logic level generator
Data Status Settings 82
4.4. 12 digital clock signal generator DCLOCK
Setting 82
D mode of digital mode signal generator
Setting 83
4.5 Typical examples 83
Example 4- 1 *** emitter amplifier circuit analysis 83
Example 4-2 ADC0832 Circuit Timing Analysis 88
Example 4-3 *** emitter application low-pass filter circuit.
Analysis 9 1
The fifth chapter analog circuit design and simulation 95
5. 1 Basic application circuit of operational amplifier 95
5. 1. 1 inverting amplifier circuit 96
5. 1.2 non-inverting amplifier circuit 97
5. 1.3 differential amplifier circuit 98
5. 1.4 adding circuit 100
5. 1.5 subtraction circuit 10 1
5. 1.6 differential operation circuit 102
5. 1.7 Integral Operation Circuit 102
Example 5- 1 PID control circuit analysis 104
5.2 Measuring amplifier circuit and isolation circuit 106
5.2. 1 measuring amplifier 106
Example 5-2 Analysis of Temperature Measurement Circuit of Measuring Amplifier 108
Isolation amplifier 109
Example 5-3 Analog Signal Isolation Amplifier Circuit
Analysis 1 10
5.3 signal conversion circuit 1 12
5.3. 1 voltage comparison circuit 1 12
5.3.2 Voltage/frequency conversion circuit 1 17
5.3.3 Frequency/voltage conversion circuit 1 18
5.3.4 Voltage-current conversion circuit 1 19
5.3.5 Current-voltage conversion circuit 120
5.4 Phase-shifting circuit and phase-sensitive detection circuit 12 1
5.4. 1 phase shifting circuit 12 1
5.4.2 Phase Sensitive Detection Circuit 123
Example 5-4 Analysis of Phase Discrimination Characteristics of Phase Sensitive Detector 125
5.5 signal subdivision circuit 126
Example 5-5 Resistance Chain Frequency Doubling Subdivision Circuit
Analysis 128
5.6 Active Filter Circuit 129
Low pass filter circuit 129
5.6.2 Qualcomm filter circuit 13 1
Bandpass filter circuit 134
5.6.4 Bandstop Filter Circuit 135
5.7 signal modulation/demodulation 136
5.7. 1 AM circuit 137
5.7.2 FM circuit 139
5.7.3 Phase modulation circuit 14 1
5.8 Function Generation Circuit 142
5.8. 1 sine wave signal generating circuit 142
Example 5-6 Analysis of Capacitive Three-point Oscillating Circuit 145
5.8.2 rectangular wave signal generating circuit 147
5.8.3 Rectangular wave with adjustable duty ratio appears.
Circuit 148
5.8.4 triangle wave signal generating circuit 150
5.8.5 sawtooth signal generating circuit 150
Example 5-7 Integrated Function Generator ICL8038
Circuit analysis 150
Chapter VI Digital Circuit Design and Simulation 155
6. 1 basic application circuit 155
6. 1. 1 bistable trigger 155
6. 1.2 register/shift register 158
Example 6- 1 74LS 194 8-bit bidirectional shift register
Analysis 158
6. 1.3 coding circuit 160
6. 1.4 decoding circuit 162
Example 6-2 CD45 1 1 decoding display circuit
Analysis 163
6. 1.5 arithmetic logic circuit 164
6. 1.6 multiplexer 166
6. 1.7 data distributor 167
6. 1.8 up/down counter 168
6.2 pulse circuit 17 1
6.2. 1.555 Multi-oscillator composed of timer 17 1
Example 6-3 duty cycle and frequency are more adjustable.
Harmonic oscillator analysis 175
6.2.2 Rectangular pulse shaping 177
6.3 Capacitance measuring instrument 18 1
6.3. 1 Design principle of capacitance measuring instrument 18 1
6.3.2 Circuit design of capacitance measuring instrument 18 1
6.4 Multi-channel electronic responder 185
6.4. 1 Simple 8-way electronic responder 185
6.4.2 8-channel electronic responder with digital display 186
Chapter 7 Single Chip Microcomputer Simulation 190
7. 1 Proteus and MCU simulation 190
7. 1. 1 Create source code file 190.
7. 1.2 Editing source code program 192
7. 1.3 Generate object code 192
7. 1.4 code generation tool 192
7. 1.5 Define a third-party source code editor 193
7. 1.6 Use the third-party IDE 193.
7. 1.7 single-step debugging 194
7. 1.8 breakpoint debugging 194
7. 1.9 Multi-CPU debugging 195
7. 1. 10 popup window 195
7.2 WinAVR compiler 203
Brief introduction of WinAVR compiler 203
7.2.2 Install WinAVR compiler 204.
7.2.3 Use of WinAVR206
7.3 Overview of Atmega16 Single Chip Microcomputer 2 10
7.3. 1 AVR series MCU function 2 10
7.3.2 ATmega 16 Overall Structure 2 12
7.4 I/O port and its second function 22 1
7.4. The second function of1port A 222
7.4.2 second function of port b 222
7.4.3 second function of port c 223
7.4.4 second function of port d 224
Example 7- 1 Simulating keyboard control with Proteus
The light emitting diode 224
7.5 Interrupt Handling 228
ATmega 16 interrupt source 229
7.5.2 Related I/O Registers 229
Fault handling 233
Example 7-2 Using Proteus to Simulate Interrupt Wake-up
Keyboard 234
7.6 ADC analog input interface 239
7.6. 1 ADC characteristics 239
7.6.2 working mode of adc240
7.6.3 ADC prescaler 240
7.6.4 Noise Suppression of ADC 243
7.6.5 I/O registers related to ADC 243
7.6.6 ADC noise elimination technology246
Example 7-3 Simulation of Simple Electricity by Proteus
Meter 247
7.7 universal serial interface UART 252
7.7. 1 data transmission 252
Data reception 253
7.7.3 UART related register 253
Example 7-4 uses Proteus simulation to query.
Using virtual terminal and single chip microcomputer.
Communication 260
Example 7-5 Using Proteus to Simulate Using Standard I/O
Debugging of communication between stream and virtual terminal 265
7.8 Timer/Counter 269
7.8. 1 ton /C0 269
T/C 1 273
7.8.3 tons /C2 279
7.8.4 prescaler 282 of timer/counter
Example 7-6 Simulation of T/C0 Timing Using Proteus
A flashing LED light 282
Example 7-7 Simulation of T/C2 Generation Using Proteus
Use the signal T/C 1 to capture 286.
Example 7-8 Using Proteus to simulate and generate T/C 1.
The PWM signal controls the motor 29 1
Example 7-9 Simulating watchdog with Proteus
Timer 297
7.9 synchronous serial interface SPI 299
SPI characteristic 300
SPI operating mode 300
7.9.3 SPI data mode 30 1
7.9.4 SPI related register 302
Example 7- 10 using Proteus emulation port
Extension 304
7. 10 Two-wire serial interface TWI 3 10
7. 10. 1 TWI feature311
Bus arbitration 7.10.2twi311
Use 7.10.3twi311
7. 10.4 TWI related register 3 12
Example 7- 1 1 Simulating Double Chip with Proteus
TWI communication 3 15
7. 1 1 comprehensive simulation 320
Example 7- 12 Simulation of DS 18B20 with Proteus
Thermometer 32 1
Example 7- 13 Simulation of Electronics with Proteus
Perpetual calendar 333
Example 7- 14 Simulation of DS 1302 with Proteus
Real-time clock 346
Chapter 8 PCB board 353
8. Overview of1PCB 353
8.2 Proteus ARES working interface 353
Edit window 354
Preview window 355
8.2.3 Object Selector 355
8.2.4 Menu Bar and Main Toolbar 355
Status bar 357
Toolbox 357
8.3 ARES System Settings 358
8.3. 1 color setting 358
8.3.2 Default Rule Settings 358
Environment settings 360
8.3.4 Select the filter setting 36 1.
8.3.5 shortcut key setting 36 1
8.3.6 Grid setting 36 1
8.3.7 Using Laminated Settings 362
8.3.8 Setting of ply pairs 362
Path setting 363
8.3. 10 Template Settings 364
8.3. 1 1 Workspace Settings 365
Example 8- 1 PCB Layout Process 366
Reference 378
The schematic diagram, as its name implies, is a diagram showing the connection principle between devices on the circuit board. Schematic diagram plays a very important role in empirical research such as scheme development, and its control is also related to the quality and even life of the whole project. Extending from the schematic diagram will involve PCB layout, that is, PCB wiring. Of course, this wiring is done according to the schematic diagram. By analyzing the schematic diagram and other conditions of the circuit board, the designer can determine the position of the device and the number of layers of the circuit board.
Kirchhoff's law Kirchhoff's law is the basic law of voltage and current in the circuit, and it is the basis of analyzing and calculating more complex circuits. It was put forward by German physicist G.R. Kirchhoff (1824 ~ 1887) in 1845. It can be used to analyze DC circuits, AC circuits and nonlinear circuits with electronic components. When analyzing a circuit with Kirchhoff's law, it is only related to the connection mode of the circuit, and has nothing to do with the properties of the components that make up the circuit. Kirchhoff's law includes current law (KCL) and voltage law (KVL). The former is applied to nodes in the circuit, while the latter is applied to loops in the circuit.
multimeter
multimeter
Multifunctional multi-range mechanical indicating ammeter consists of measuring mechanism and rectifier of magnetoelectric ammeter (see ammeter). It can be used to measure AC and DC voltages, AC and DC currents and resistances. Also known as multimeter or multimeter. Some multimeters also have the function of measuring capacitance and inductance.
Multimeter is mainly composed of measuring mechanism, measuring circuit and transfer switch of magnetoelectric instrument.
Composition. Among them, the transfer switch is the switching element when the multimeter selects different measurement functions and different ranges.
The full deflection current is about 40 ~ 200μ A. The multimeter uses measuring mechanism to measure various electric quantities, and each electric quantity has several measuring ranges. Its working principle is: through the transformation of the measuring circuit, the measured is converted into DC current acceptable to the magnetoelectric measuring mechanism. For example, the measuring mechanism combines a shunt (see ammeter) and a voltage divider to form a multi-range DC meter for measuring DC current and voltage. Magnetoelectric measuring mechanism and half-wave or full-wave rectifier constitute the measuring mechanism of rectifier ammeter, and then it is combined with shunt and voltage divider to form multi-range AC ammeter for measuring AC current and voltage. There is still a battery in the multimeter. When the measured resistance values are different, the battery makes the measuring mechanism pass different values of current, thus reflecting different measured resistance values. When the multimeter selects different measuring functions and different measuring ranges, the transfer switch is a switching element.
The principle circuit of measuring resistance with multimeter is shown in the figure. When the measured resistance Rx=0, the current in the circuit is the largest. Adjust R so that the deflection angle of the pointer of the measuring mechanism is full scale. At this time, the current value i0 in the circuit is equal to e/r. When the measured resistance Rx increases, the current I=E/(R+Rx) gradually decreases, and the deflection angle of the pointer also decreases. Therefore, the resistance scale on the dial of multimeter is reversed and uneven. If the measured resistance Rx=R and current I=I0/2, the pointer deflection angle is half of the full deflection angle. So the resistance of the scale at the midpoint (called median resistance) is the internal resistance of the multimeter in this range. Usually, the effective reading range of the resistance scale is 0. 1 ~ 10 times the median resistance.
With the continuous progress of electronic technology, multimeter is gradually developing in the direction of digitalization.