Nails are tortoise shells, and bones refer to bones. In the late Shang dynasty (BC 14-65438+ BC 0 1 century), Shang kings often used Oracle bones to predict good or bad luck, and when divining, they carved (or wrote) what they sought or got on it, which was called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty is not recorded in ancient history books, scholars have different names, such as Kikkoman Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Kikkoman Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhen Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Yin Ruins Oracle Bone Inscriptions and so on. When the Shang Dynasty perished, Oracle Bone Inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty was unknown to the world.
In the 25th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1899), Wang, who was in imperial academy, Beijing, fell ill and bought a dose of Chinese medicine from Darentang Chinese Medicine Shop in Caishikou outside Xuanwu Gate, which contained "keel". Wang was surprised to see the inscription on it, so he immediately ordered people to go to the drugstore to buy all the "keels" with words. Later, a man with a pseudonym "Xi Weng" wrote Tortoise Shell, which was published in North China Daily and North China Pictorial 193 1 published in Beiping. Since then, people think that this is the writing basis of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery, but in fact, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery also has a cognitive process.
Luo Zhenchang often said in "Luo Huan's Travels to the Ancient Times" and "Xuantong's Article 23 in February, 2003":
The turtle bones buried here were discovered more than 30 years ago, not today. It is said that in a certain year, a certain surname plowed the field and suddenly turned up a few bone fragments with the soil. Yes, there are descriptions on it, and some of them are painted in dark colors. I don't know what that is. There are many buried objects in the soil in the north. Every time you practice or see something strange, you will often get bronzes, Gu Quan, ancient mirrors and so on. And get a good price. That is, people get their bones and think they are different, but they dig deep and get most of them, so they take them and hide them, and no one asks. It has a huge scabbard, and there is no such beast in modern times. The locals used it as a keel and took it to the pharmacy. There are natural keels and dragon teeth in medicine, but there are no dragons in this world. Every medicine is filled with ancient bones, no matter people or animals. Moreover, the ancient bones are ground to the end, and the more they are cut, the more pharmacies buy them, and the money is only one catty. Those with strong bones may buy carved objects. The villagers dug around in their spare time and got a lot of money. Check the big ones and sell them. Buyers either don't take the engraved words and shovel them. Those who can't get rid of small pieces and words are worried about filling dry wells.
It can be seen that in the decades before 1899, the villagers in Xiaotun saw bone nails in the nearby cultivated land. James Mellon Menzies, pastor of the Canadian Presbyterian Church in Anyang, said when studying Oracle bones:
At first, some people collected Oracle bones, but they didn't know the source. Before 1899, Xiaotun people used Oracle Bone Inscriptions as a medicinal material and named it keel. Fan found the first Oracle bone in Weixian. Fan knows best. At first, Fan refused to sue Liu Tieyun and others in Tang Yinzhong. I not only found the right place, but also repeatedly inquired about Fan and Xiaotun people. I learned that there was a hairdresser named Li Cheng in Xiaotun in the 25th year of Guangxu reign, and keel powder was often used as a tip medicine. It is not surprising that the residents of Xiaotun have long had keels here. Therefore, bone fragments, nail plates, antlers and the like, with or without words, are the main bones. At that time, Xiaotun people thought that characters were not carved, but naturally grown. And said that it is not easy to sell words, just scrape words from the pharmacy. Li Cheng collected keels and sold them to pharmacies, earning sixpence per catty.
Villagers in Xiaotun discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions before 1899. Of course, this discovery is a general discovery, not a scientific discovery. Antique dealers gather in Xiaotun to buy Oracle Bone Inscriptions and resell it in Beijing and other places. 1899, Wang personally identified Oracle bones, and purposefully searched and studied them. Since then, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins has been recognized and valued by the world.
The Collection and Diaspora of Early Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Since Wang Yu 1899 discovered Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, some domestic scholars began to buy Tibetan. Wang was not only the discoverer of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but also the first scholar who bought and collected Oracle bones. 1899 autumn, he bought 12 pieces from the antique dealer Fan. 1900 spring, more than 800 pieces were purchased from Fanchu. In the same year, Zhao Zhizhai, an antique dealer, also sold hundreds of Oracle bones to Wang. When Wang was martyred, he bought Oracle bones 1500 pieces in three batches. Most of the Oracle bones collected by Wang were resold to Liu E by his son Wang Hanfu, and some of them were given to Tianjin Xue Xin Academy.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/899, Fan took the Oracle bones named "Turtle Edition" by Wang to Tianjin for sale.
Schematic diagram of distribution of Yin ruins and tombs
Wang Xiang (1876 ~ 1965), whose real name is the number of women's rooms, originally bought about five or six hundred pieces. Later, Wang Xiang bought more than 4,000 pieces of Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin. Wang Xiang's purchase of Tibetan Oracle bones showed the noble qualities of patriotism and national integrity in preserving the cultural treasures of the motherland.
According to the chronology of Oracle bones compiled by Dong Zuobin and Hu Houxuan, there were some people who bought Oracle bones at that time. Duan Fang was a government official in the Qing Dynasty, from official to governor. 1899, Fan, an antique dealer, bought antiques for Duan Fang. When he saw Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Anyang, he bought some pieces and gave them to Duan Fang. Duan Fang was very happy and paid 225 yuan per word. Therefore, Fan tried his best to buy it.
Liu E, the word Tieyun, was born in Dantu, Jiangsu. In his later years, he wrote the novel Travel Notes of Lao Can. He bought more than 1000 tablets from Wang Hanfu, the son of Wang. More than 300 pieces of Dinghai Fang. Zhao Zhizhai, an antique dealer, bought him more than 3,000 pieces in Shandong, Hebei and Henan. Liu E sent his third son, the gentry, to Henan to buy more than 1000 pieces. Liu E bought more than 5000 pieces of Oracle bones.
Luo Zhenyu (1866 ~ 1940), a word uncle and a word uncle cloud, was called the old man in his later years. Originally from Shangyu, Zhejiang, and Huai 'an, Jiangsu. Luo Zhenyu worked as a tutor in Liu 'e, and in 190 1 year, Luo Zhenyu began to see Oracle Bone Inscriptions's calligraphy in Liu 'e, Shanghai, marveling that it was "unprecedented for Confucianism since the Han Dynasty, such as (Kai), Du (Lin), Yang (male), Xu (Jin) and so on", and urged Liu to compile "Tieyun Hidden Turtle" for publication. This is the beginning of the close relationship between Luo Zhenyu and Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. At that time, Luo Zhenyu thought it was urgent to collect as many unearthed Oracle bones as possible. He said in "Preface to the Book of Yin Ruins": "There are treasures, bones are fragile and words are easy to destroy ... If you don't search for them, you will be excavated, that is, the extinction period. If you don't see them, you can be confident in your research and interpretation. Therefore,
Starting from 1906, Luo Zhenyu personally began to collect Oracle bones. First, I bought Oracle Bone Inscriptions through an antique dealer. After knowing that the Oracle bones were really unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang, he sent someone to Xiaotun on 19 10 to "buy them with all his strength, and earn almost 10,000 yuan a year". 19 1 1 year, "I ordered my disciple Jing Zhenchang and my brother-in-law Fan Hengzhai Zhao Chang to dig in Mianyang, and their income doubled again." 19 15 years, I personally visited Xiaotun, Anyang. Luo Zhenyu has collected more than 30,000 pieces of Oracle bones through 1928. His Oracle bone collection not only surpasses others, but also has many excellent works. In addition, Luo Zhenyu's collection of Oracle bones "is slightly different from that of antiques. He not only collects bone fragments with words, but also pays attention to collecting various artifacts unearthed at the same time as bone fragments. "
According to the statistics of scholars, during the 30 years from 1899 to 1928, the number of Oracle bones collected by each family is as follows:
Wangyue 1500 capsules.
Wang Xiang and Meng have about 4,500 pieces.
Liu E has about 5,000 tablets.
There are about 30,000 pieces in Luo Zhenyu.
Other families have about 4000 tablets.
While domestic scholars devoted themselves to collecting Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, some European and American countries and Japanese took advantage of the special national conditions of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society at that time, and also got their hands on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation. They used various means to buy, illegally resell or ship them abroad, so that many Oracle bones were scattered abroad.
The first foreigners who collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins were Falian, an American Presbyterian missionary in wei county, Shandong Province (1862 ~ 19 14) and Ku Shouling, a British Baptist missionary in Qingzhou, Shandong Province (1859 ~ 1922). 1903, the two partners bought a large number of Oracle bones from antique dealers, and sold 400 pieces of them to the Asian Literature Museum hosted by the British in Shanghai, from which they made huge profits. 1904 bought a lot of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from antique dealers. After 1906, a large number of Oracle bones were resold to Princeton University, Carnegie Museum, Royal Scottish Museum, British Museum, Favind Museum and other units.
1908, British consul general Zhang Jin (1854 ~ 1952) bought Oracle bones in Shandong and other places. 1909, German Wilt privately purchased 7 1 1 pieces of Oracle bones in Qingdao, Shandong Province, and these Oracle bones were scattered to the folk museum in Berlin, Germany. Wei Lixian (1873 ~ 1930) bought 72 pieces and sold them to Basao Folk Exhibition Hall in Switzerland.
James Mellon Menzies (1885 ~ 1957), pastor of Canadian Presbyterian Church in Anyang, began to investigate the collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins from 19 14. Among foreigners, James Mellon Menzies bought the most Oracle bones privately. 19 17 He claimed to have collected 50,000 pieces of Oracle bones. Later, he bought all the Oracle bones unearthed in Xiaotun Village. In fact, he bought more than 50,000 pieces of Oracle bones. Some of them were illegally transported abroad, and some were buried in the basement of a teacher's residence in cheeloo university, Jinan. 1952, when the "three evils" movement was launched, the Englishman Lin Sen (word Yangshan) confessed this matter. Unearthed antiquities/kloc-more than 0/40 boxes, including 8080 Oracle bones, including 3668 written ones. In addition, 2,369 Nanjing Museum collections and 20,364 Beijing Palace Museum collections have not been shipped to China. It is explained that the Oracle bones purchased by the righteous were partially destroyed in the warlord scuffle, and the exact number is unknown.
Japanese Lin Taipu began to collect Oracle bones from 1905, and 19 18 went to Anyang Yin Ruins to learn about the unearthed Oracle bones and other artifacts, and bought them privately. Mitsui Tale, Hejing Lu Quan, Tangqian Zhong Song and others also obtained a batch of Oracle bones through various channels.
According to the statistics of Hu Houxuan, a well-known Oracle bone inscriptions, Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins has been scattered abroad: Japanese 12443, Canadian 7802, British 3355, American 1882, Federal Republic of Germany 7 15, Soviet 199 and American/KLOC. The remaining Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins are distributed in Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province, Hong Kong and Macao.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions's Excavation and Research
Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins was discovered by Wang Yu 1899. Up to now, more than 50,000 pieces of Oracle bones/KLOC-0 have been unearthed, and there are hundreds of monographs on Oracle bones. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery and research are complementary, inseparable and mutually reinforcing. During this period, it experienced three stages: non-scientific excavation period, scientific excavation period and further development period.
Non-scientific excavation period
During this period, villagers in Xiaotun privately dug Oracle Bone Inscriptions and sold it to antique dealers, and then resold it to private individuals. At the same time, a large number of Oracle bones were scattered abroad. The main research achievement is the textual research and interpretation of Oracle bones.
After the villagers dug Oracle bones privately in Xiaotun 1899, some domestic scholars bought them in many ways, especially foreigners, which made the price of Oracle bones increase day by day. Antique dealers gathered in Xiaotun Village to buy and resell, prompting villagers to dig hard.
According to the chronology of Oracle bone inscriptions and 60 years of Oracle bones, from the spring of 1899 to 1928, the villagers in Xiaotun had nine large-scale excavations.
The first time was from 1899 to 1900. A batch of Oracle bones purchased by Wang from antique dealers Fan and Zhao Zhizhai, and a batch of Oracle bones purchased by Fan Weiduan may have been excavated by villagers in Xiaotun.
The second time was in the winter of 1904. The landlord led the tenants to build a mat shed and a stove on Zhu's land on the south bank of the North Ring River in Xiaotun Village. After digging for a long time, they obtained a batch of vehicles with Oracle bones. Huo, Liu Jinsheng and the three men had a dispute over the location of the excavation, and there was a fierce fight between the two sides. After that, the county government came forward to solve it, and the county government ordered the prohibition of excavation. The Oracle bones excavated this time were collected by Luo Zhenyu, Huang Xun, Xu Fang, American France, Ku Shouling and Zhang Jin in Britain.
The third time, in the spring of 1909, Oracle bones were found in Zhang Xuexian field in front of Xiaotun village. After hearing the news, the villagers agreed to dig here and got a lot of "horseshoes" and "bones". In particular, "bone strips" are the ones with more inscriptions on the scapula. This time, the villagers dug without Zhang Xuexian's permission, their mother cursed, and both sides knocked their heads off. After mediation, both sides stopped.
The fourth time was the 1920 drought in five northern provinces. The villagers in Xiaotun were forced by life and went to the north bank of the village to dig Oracle Bone Inscriptions for sale to make a living. Many villagers nearby also participated in the excavation.
The fifth time, in the spring of 1923, I dug in the vegetable field in the village, hired He as a helper, and dug up two dominoes with words. He Guodong secretly wrote down the excavation site.
The sixth time, 1924, villagers in Xiaotun found an Oracle bone pit while building a wall. Many Oracle bones were bought privately by James Mellon Menzies. The seventh time, 1925, the villagers in Xiaotun dug by the roadside in front of the village and got several baskets of Oracle bones, some of which were more than a foot long and sold to antique dealers in Shanghai.
The eighth time,1March, 926, Zhang Xuexian was kidnapped by bandits, and it took a huge sum of money to redeem him. The villagers in Xiaotun took the opportunity to negotiate with the Zhang family and dug up half of the Oracle bones in their vegetable garden, and the Zhang family agreed. There were dozens of participants, who suddenly collapsed and buried four people in the soil. After being rescued, they were saved from death. The excavation was over, and all the excavated Oracle bones were bought by James Mellon Menzies.
The ninth time, in the spring of 1928, Feng Yuxiang, an Anyang garrison, fought against Feng Jun, who had retreated to Hebei, so that farmers in Xiaotun and other villages could not sow on time. After the war ended in April, the villagers had no livelihood, so they made an appointment to dig in the wheat field next to Xiaotun Village South Road, and most of the Oracle bones were sold to businessmen in Shanghai and Kaifeng.
The above nine times were spontaneous gang excavations by Xiaotun villagers. In addition, individuals also dig Oracle Bone Inscriptions for sale for a living. There is another person who digs and sells Oracle bones for a living. Li Cheng, for example, specializes in haircuts and digs Oracle Bone Inscriptions for sale in his spare time.
Oracle bones excavated by Xiaotun villagers were sold to antique dealers or James Mellon Menzies, and some of them were shipped abroad, which caused serious losses to the cultural treasures of the Chinese nation. In order to let the world know about Oracle bones, some scholars began to write and publish books while actively collecting them.
The first book written by Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins was "The Tortoise Hidden in Iron Clouds", which was written by Liu E. He selected 1.058 films from more than 5,000 films he bought and collected, compiled them into 6 volumes of "The Tortoise Hidden in Iron Clouds", and published them in lithography in 1.903. Although there is no in-depth study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the book, and the printing is inaccurate and the rubbings are unclear, it is the first descriptive work after the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which has a pioneering role in the history of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Luo Zhenyu's descriptive books on Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly include:
Title Deed of Yin Ruins, also known as Prefabrication of Title Deed of Yin Ruins, consists of 8 volumes, 19 13, published in small print with 2229 pieces of Oracle bones.
The Exquisite Book of Yin Ruins published in 19 14 collected a total of 68 Oracle bones, including 4 large bull bones with characters on both sides, belonging to the Wuding period. The words engraved on it are vigorous and bold, with large characters painted in Zhu, rich in content and detailed in comments. They are not only important historical materials, but also rare art treasures.
Postscript to Book Deeds of Yin Ruins consists of two volumes,1965438+March 2006. Among them, Oracle bone 1 104.
In addition, there is James Mellon Menzies's Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins (19 17), which contains 2369 pieces of Oracle bones; Ji Buddha's Characters of Yin Ruins Collected in Yanshoutang (19 17) contains 655 Oracle bones; There are 1 125 pieces of Oracle bones in Wang Xiang's "Essays on Mountain Room", which are divided into astronomical phenomena, land observation, imperial clan, names, years, branches, chastity, ceremony and conquest. Japanese editor Lin Tai edited the tortoise shell and beast bone character (192 1 year), including a total of Oracle bones 1023.
After the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the price of Oracle bones was rising day by day due to the purchase of scholars and foreigners. In order to monopolize the reselling of Oracle bones, antique dealers made huge profits from it, deliberately concealed the real unearthed place in the inscription on Oracle bones, and lied that it was unearthed in a certain place, which made people believe it for a while. For example, Wang, the discoverer of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, thinks that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Tangyin, Henan. Liu E also believed the rumor that "an ancient town in tangyin county, Henan Province" was unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Luo Zhenyu also said: "Guangxu Jihai, I heard that the ancient tortoise shell animal bones were discovered in Tangyin, Henan." He also talked about the origin of the theory that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Tangyin. "Tortoise shell and beast shell were obtained by an appraiser in Wei County. When Liu Jun Tieyun, a friend of the deceased, asked, it was actually a sly word." Influenced by the theory that the appraiser hides Wei Hui, Luo Zhenyu once thought that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed in Wei Hui, Henan. Some foreigners, such as Japanese Taifu Lin, regard Tangyin as the land of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in his "Tortoise Shell and Animal Bone Found in Tangyin, Henan Province in Qing Dynasty" (1909) and "Tortoise Shell Unearthed in Guli City" (19 10). The United States and France regard Zhao Zhizhai, an antique dealer, as the land of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other antiques.
After years of searching, Luo Zhenyu didn't know that the real land in Oracle bone inscriptions was a "small coastal village" until 1908. Since then, Luo Zhenyu not only sent antique dealers to Xiaotun Village to buy Oracle bones for him, but also "ordered disciple Jing Zhenchang and brother-in-law Fan Hengzhai Zhao Chang to dig in Mianyang". 19 15 field trip to Xiaotun, Anyang. The determination of the real unearthed site in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is one of the achievements of Luo Zhenyu's research on Oracle bones, and it is also one of the important research achievements at this stage.
Scholars also have a process of gradually exploring and understanding when Oracle bones are relics of the times. Wang, the discoverer of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, thinks that the characters on Oracle bones are "before seal cutting". 1903, Liu E verified that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was a "sword and pencil of Yin people" and a relic of Shang Dynasty. Luo Zhenyu called Oracle Bone Inscriptions "the turtle of Xia Yin" in 1903. Sun Yirang also said that Oracle Bone Inscriptions was written before the Zhou Dynasty. Although scholars have different opinions, it is generally considered as a relic of Xia and Shang Dynasties from 2 1 century BC to1/century BC.
19 10, Luo Zhenyu verified that the site unearthed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions was "Wuyi Market" and proved that "there are more than ten names of Yin emperors in the inscription, but those who recognize this Oracle Bone Inscriptions are actually relics of the Yin Dynasty". 19 15 years, he said in Textual Research on Book Deeds of Yin Ruins: Today, the small village in Anyang is called "the old site of Huanshui", formerly known as "Jia Jia". This card of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is to migrate to Wuyi to go to Diyi ". At this point, he has identified Xiaotun as the capital of Wuyi, Wen Ding and the 13 th. Wang Guowei pointed out in "Yin Shuo": "Tortoise shell and animal bones are all unearthed here (referring to Xiaotun Village), covering the old capital since Pan Geng ... the world of Diyi, which is still home to Yin Ruins. "He specifically defined the era of Oracle Bone Inscriptions as the relocation of Pan Geng. Then, after in-depth research and textual research by many scholars, it is believed that Yin Ruins were abandoned not because of the flood, but actually because of the national subjugation. Many late Oracle Bone Inscriptions didn't end in the Diyi era. Xiaotun Village is the location of the capital recorded in the Annals of Bamboo Records, that is, "it moved from Pan Geng to Yin until it was destroyed, and it didn't move its capital in 273 years" (later it was 254 years). Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Xiaotun Village is the relic of the 8th King 12 after Pan Geng moved to Yin and was exterminated.
The determination of the location and specific time of the excavation in Oracle Bone Inscriptions laid a good foundation for the scientific excavation of Yin Ruins and the further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
The first study and interpretation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's works in Yin Ruins is the case of Wen Qi. Writer Sun Yirang (1848 ~ 1908), a native of Rui 'an, Zhejiang Province, was the director of the criminal department in the 12th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1866), and soon left his post, intending to write. He was a famous Confucian scholar and epigraphist in the late Qing Dynasty. After watching "The Iron Cloud Hides the Turtle", Sun Yirang said in surprise: "I didn't expect to see this miracle the next year." So, it took two months to collate, and according to the Oracle Bone Inscriptions materials recorded in "Tieyun Hidden Turtle", I wrote "Wen Qi Example", which is divided into ten chapters: the sun and the moon first, the Zhen Bu second, the divination third, the ghosts and gods fourth, the divination fifth, the official sixth, the Chinese seventh, the ceremony eighth, the writing ninth, and miscellaneous. This is also an attempt to classify Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content. Although there are many shortcomings in the textual research and interpretation of this book, the contribution of "bending chakra" in the history of Oracle bones should be affirmed. Although this book was written in 1904, it didn't meet the world until 10 years later, that is, 19 13 years later. 1905, Sun Yirang wrote another two-volume Ming Yuan, which discussed the evolution and changes of China ancient characters from the perspective of Oracle Bone Inscriptions font, and initiated Oracle Bone Inscriptions's textual research on ancient characters.
Luo Zhenyu not only made great contributions to the collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but also made remarkable achievements in the research and textual research of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The masterpiece is Textual Research on the Stories of Yin Ruins written by Wang Guowei 19 15 1. The book is divided into: Du Yi first, emperor second, name third, place name fourth, writing fifth, Oracle Bone Inscriptions sixth, ceremony seventh and divination eighth. 12 years later, 1927 published an updated version. The first edition of 19 15 is 485, and the revised edition is 57 1. In this book, he put forward the research method of "tracing back to Xu Shu's ancient characters and getting a glimpse of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from them", and advocated paying attention to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's thorough reading and classification, which was a great progress in the early study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Wang Guowei said that after the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, "Roche's first explanation was that he designated Xiaotun as an ancient Yin Ruins and explained the name of the Yin Emperor". Guo Moruo spoke highly of this. He said: "Since Oracle Bone Inscriptions was unearthed, Roche has been the first in their collection, preservation and dissemination. The merits and demerits of textual research and interpretation depend on Roche. " He spoke highly of the book A Textual Research on the Stories of Yin Ruins.
Wang Guowei (1877 ~ 1927), a native of Haining, Zhejiang Province, was originally named Apollo and Jing 'an, and later renamed Guantang. May 3 1927 sank in Kunming Lake of the Summer Palace. Wang Guowei has made great contributions to archaeology, ancient philology and ancient history research all his life.
Wang Guowei, who studied Shang Oracle bones, first broke through the scope of textual research and explanation, and used it as the original historical materials to explore the history, geography and etiquette of Shang Dynasty. 19 14 Textual research on Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins, and make a preface. 19 15 wrote a textual research on the place names seen in the inscriptions on Yin Ruins. It says "Li Yin Zheng Wen". The wife of Hatong, a British Jew in Shanghai, bought more than 1,000 pieces of Oracle bones in Liu E's old collection, selected 605 pieces as the top grade, and compiled the Yin Ruins in Yanshou Hall, which was signed by Ji Rufo, and was actually compiled and interpreted by Wang Guowei. 19 17, Wang published "An Examination of the First Kings of Yin Ruins" and "A Continued Examination of the First Kings of Yin Ruins". In these two famous works, the names of the Shang Dynasty's first duke and king were verified, which further proved that the names of the Shang Dynasty's first duke and king were rarely found in inscriptions.
Wang Guowei was the first person to judge the age of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from appellation and make Oracle Bone Inscriptions. He first discovered that 1. 10 in Yan and 8. 14 in Yin Ruins are a bone fracture, and put them together. It is also found that the times of Baoyi, Bao Bing and Bao Ding are different from those in Historical Records Yin Benji and San Shi Biao. After textual research, the times after the report were Baoyi, Bao Bing, Bao Ding, Zhu Ren and Zhu Gui, and Records of the Historian Yin Benji was wrongly written as Bao Ding, Baoyi and Bao Bing, which was the first correction in Records of the Historian Yin Benji.
1925, Wang Guowei's New Proof of Ancient History was published. The book points out that due to the excavation of underground materials, "our generation has a solid foundation to correct the materials on paper, and we have to prove that some parts of ancient books are recorded", emphasizing that both new underground materials and literature materials are equally important.
After Luo Zhenyu, Wang Guowei made great achievements in the research and interpretation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, especially in the case of Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed underground, which further improved Oracle Bone Inscriptions's academic value by combining the study of Shang history. Due to the painstaking research of Luo, Wang and others, the number of words that Oracle bone inscriptions can read is increasing day by day.
During this period, some dictionaries of Oracle Bone Inscriptions came out one after another. For example, Wang Xiang's "Shan Shi Yin Qi Ban Bian Bian" (1920) collected 873 recognizable Oracle characters, which is the first Oracle dictionary. Shang Chengzuo's Collection of Characters in Yin Ruins (1923) collected 789 characters in Oracle bones. The compilation and publication of Oracle Dictionary provides convenience for studying and studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Some scholars have published papers on Oracle Bone Inscriptions's word textual research, such as Uncle Shi and Love History written by Luo Zhenyu 1920.
Scientific excavation period
During this period, Yin Ruins were mainly excavated by the Institute of History and Language of Academia Sinica at that time.
15 scientific excavation
From 1928, 10/October 13 to June 19, 0937, the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica conducted 15 scientific excavations of Yin Ruins, including/in Xiaotun Village, Yindu. In addition to the above two sites, 12 sites near Xiaotun Village were also excavated. 249 18 Oracle bones 15 excavations. These scientifically excavated Oracle bones, pits and artifacts are clear, and fake parts are absolutely excluded.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the scientific excavation of Yin Ruins was forced to stop.
Descriptive books of Oracle Bone Inscriptions obtained from scientific excavations.
The Collection of Yin Ruins written by Dong Zuobin was published by the Institute of History and Language of Academia Sinica in April 2004 1948. Preface by Dong Zuobin and postscript by Li Ji. There is Oracle Bone Inscriptions in this book. Except for a few photocopies of Zhu Shu, the rest are rubbings. Rubbings: A 25 13, Bone 1425, 3 carved animal heads, Antlers 1, ***3942, each with its own excavation time and original number. The collected Oracle bones were obtained from excavation 1 ~ 9.
The first, second and third series of Yin Ruins were published in June 1948 10. The first 1949 was published in March; The next series, 1953, will be published in February. Dong Zuobin is the editor-in-chief, and the last episode is prefaced by Dong Zuobin. The three series are rubbings, which are 9 105 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins 13 to 15. Few calligraphers do photocopying. Each number is attached with the service station registration number.
In addition, 3,656 pieces of Oracle bones were unearthed in Henan Provincial Museum, of which 800 pieces were compiled as "The Words of the Yin Ruins" 1 ~ 8 episodes (193 1 year), and 930 pieces were compiled as "Oracle Bone Records" by Sun Haibo (1938/KLOC-).
Dong Zuobin's newly acquired Oracle Bone Inscriptions (1928 65438+ February) is the main description of Oracle bones handed down from ancient times, including Oracle bones 38 1 piece. There are 874 Oracle bones in Rong Geng's Yin Qi Oracle Bone Inscriptions (1May 933). Luo Zhenyu's "The Stories of Yin Ruins" (1September 933) contains 20 16 pieces of Oracle bones; Shang Chengzuo's "Yinqi Village" (1933 10) contains Oracle bones 1000; Methods A total of 687 pieces of Oracle bones/kloc-0 were collected from Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection (1935).
A Study on the Dating Stages of Oracle Bone Inscriptions 193 1 year, Dong Zuobin put forward eight criteria for the dating of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, namely, pit level, same utensils, types of chastity divination, emperors worshipped, people's chastity, style, words used and calligraphy. In particular, the theory of "chastity" is regarded as an important criterion of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's dating. 1933 In the case study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's dating, the inscriptions unearthed in the Yin ruins were divided into five different periods, namely, the first period: Wu Ding and Pan Geng, Xiao Xin and Xiaoyi before him; The second stage: Zu Geng and Zujia; The third issue: Yan Xin and Kangding; The fourth period: martial arts, Wen Ding; The fifth issue: the first issue and Di Xin. The criteria for staging are 10, that is, lineage, appellation, chastity, pit location, country, character, category, grammar, font and style. Dividing more than 6,543,800 pieces of Oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins into five different periods is of great significance not only for studying the history of each stage in the late Shang Dynasty, but also for discussing the changes and development of writing styles and examples. The publication of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Dating Case Study is an epoch-making event in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Guo Moruo's study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions started with 1928, studied Oracle Bone Inscriptions under the guidance of Marxism, and explored the history of Shang Dynasty with Oracle Bone Inscriptions materials. In the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it not only produced fruitful results, but also created a new situation.
After 1927, Guo Moruo lived in Japan and devoted himself to studying the ancient history of China. At the same time, he paid attention to collecting and studying Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and used Oracle Bone Inscriptions materials to study the history of Shang Dynasty. 1March 930, The Study of Ancient Society in China was published, in which the ancient society in Oracle Bone Inscriptions described the social features of Shang Dynasty.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions's research was published in 193 1, and 17 articles were reviewed and interpreted by * * *. When 1952 was reprinted, nine articles were deleted and nine articles * * * were added to/kloc-0, which aggravated the title. Through textual research and interpretation of the characters, we can understand the mode of production, relations of production and ideology of the Yin Dynasty. In addition, there are original opinions on textual research and interpretation.
The complete works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions were photocopied and published in Wenqiutang1May, 933 in Tokyo. The purpose of Guo Moruo's compilation of this book is to "select the essence of Oracle bones handed down from generation to generation, compare them, and make textual research and interpretation one by one for viewing." The text describes 792 pieces of Oracle bones (800 pieces in the book, but 340 ~ 347 pieces are missing), arranged by branch, number, lineage, astronomical phenomena, diet, conquest, field trip and miscellaneous compilation. The first record records 42 pieces of Oracle bones, and the second record records 87 pieces of Oracle bones, all of which belong to 1 1 Japanese collection. There are many new ideas in the textual research, which are concise and easy to understand. It is a good introductory book for beginners of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Edited by Nazis,1May 937, Tokyo, Japan, Wen Shiyin. Published by Science Press in May, 1965. 1965 The new edition of rubbings was printed clearly and developed according to the original Oracle Bone Inscriptions, so the number of words in some rubbings increased. Attached is Hu Houxuan's Textual Research on New Word List. The book was reviewed by Yu, and some of his views were recorded in Mei Pi. The Oracle bones 1595 pieces collected in this book are all selected from Liu Tizhi's library, and compared and interpreted. Both the Oracle bones and the complete works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded in this book are masterpieces handed down from ancient times before 1928, many of which are unknown or left behind by Luo Zhenyu scholars, and many of them are original in textual research and interpretation. Therefore, after the publication of the two books, they have been highly valued by academic circles at home and abroad.
In the description of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Oracle bone inscriptions in Hu Houxuan, Hu Houxuan made great contributions to the collection and description of unearthed Oracle bones. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Hu Houxuan went from Sichuan to Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Nanjing, and made great efforts to collect and sort out scattered Oracle bones. In 1950s, he published "The Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Newly Acquired in Nanking and Shanghai after World War II" (195 1 April), which included Oracle bones11film. The Record of Oracle Bones Seen in the North and South after the War (195 1 September, 2008) contains 3276 pieces of Oracle bones, most of which are new data recorded for the first time. The collection of newly acquired Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin after World War II (1954) contains 5642 pieces of Oracle bones; Oracle bones exist in the world (1955). The first two volumes are rubbings, recording 2755 pieces of Oracle bones, and the later volume 1 is a manuscript, collecting 998 pieces of Oracle bones, and the whole book * * records 3753 pieces of Oracle bones.
While collecting and recording Oracle bones, Hu Houxuan also made a comprehensive study of many important topics in Shang history and Oracle bones, combining with the data of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to statistics, from 1949 to 10, there were 54 kinds of his works, many of which were included in the series of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Business History, which was regarded as an "unprecedented pyramid collection" in the history of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and had a great influence on Chinese and foreign academic circles. A preliminary collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's commercial history