① Anterior nasal endoscopy

The nasal cavity can be examined by the anterior nasal cavity examination method, that is, the examiner puts the anterior nasal mirror into the nasal vestibule, opens the upper and lower lobes, enlarges the anterior nostril, and examines the nasal septum, inferior turbinate, middle turbinate, common nasal meatus, inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus and olfactory cleft.

② Posterior nasal endoscopy

Do you know how to check the posterior nasal cavity? We can use a retronasal endoscope. The examiner holds the tongue depressor with his left hand, depresses the first 2/3 of the tongue, and sends the postnasal endoscope between the soft palate and the posterior pharyngeal wall to examine the posterior nostril, the posterior turbinate, the nasal cavity, the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube, the pharyngeal recess and the top of the nasopharynx.

③ sinus examination

We can use paranasal sinus examination, including observing cheeks, touching cheeks, upper angle of orbit and so on. To find out whether there is tenderness, protrusion, etc. Maxillary sinus puncture and irrigation is helpful to diagnose maxillary sinus inflammation or other diseases. X-ray films of paranasal sinuses are often used to diagnose paranasal sinus diseases.

④ Rigid tube and flexible tube nasal endoscope.

Can examine all parts of the nasal cavity in detail, can observe the opening of nasal sinuses, and can perform nasal sinus surgery.

① oropharyngeal examination

Gently press the front 2/3 of the patient's tongue with the tongue depressor, and check the tonsil, glossopharyngeal arch, pharyngeal arch and posterior pharyngeal wall to observe the activity of soft palate.

② Nasopharyngeal examination

See posterior nasal endoscopy. In addition, flexible photoconductive nasopharyngeal fiberscope can be used to observe the whole picture of nasopharynx, and biopsy or filming can be performed.

③ throat examination

See indirect laryngectomy.