Gardenia is drought-resistant and barren, and easy to grow. Under general cultivation management, it can blossom and bear fruit in the second year with a certain yield. After three years, the yield per mu can reach more than 1 kg, and the peak period is five to fifteen years, and the yield per mu is more than 3 kg. Gardenia planting is an effective way for farmers to adjust their industrial structure and increase their income.
I. Plant morphology
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an evergreen shrub, and its plant height exceeds1m. The leaves are opposite, the flowers are big, white and fragrant. The fruit is oval and round, with 5-9 wing-shaped straight edges, and it is yellow when mature.
Second, growing habits
Gardenia likes warm and sunny climate conditions and is more resistant to shade. It can be cultivated below 700 meters above sea level. The requirements for soil are not strict, and generally barren ridge soil can also be planted, but it is best to plant it in acidic or neutral soil with deep soil layer, fertile and loose soil and good drainage.
Gardenia begins to sprout new branches in March every year, and there are three obvious bamboo shoots in spring, summer and autumn. Pull out spring seedlings from mid-March to mid-May. Summer shoots are pulled from mid-May to early August, and autumn shoots are pulled in mid-August. More than 95% of autumn shoots form flower buds, which are displayed simultaneously with leaves in March of the following year. The flower buds of autumn shoots account for more than 85% of the fruiting plants and are the main fruiting branches. Buds were conceived from mid-April to early May, and blossomed from mid-May to early June. The fruit gradually expanded from June to 65438+1October, and the fruit matured from late June to165438+1October.
Third, cultivation techniques.
I. Planting and intertillage
Clear the garden of plants. 1 ~ 3a young forest weeding and loosening soil twice a year. The first time/kloc-0 is from April to June, and the second time is from August to September, combined with fertilization. Pay attention to the shallowness near and the depth far when loosening the soil. The depth inside the crown is 10 ~ 12 cm, and the depth outside the crown is greater than 15cm. Dwarf crops such as peanuts and beans can also be interplanted before the first fruit in the garden, which can not only increase the short-term income of the garden, but also achieve the purpose of raising young trees. After the gardenia garden enters the fruiting period, it will be loosened and weeded 1 ~ 2 times a year.
Second, fertilizer management.
1. Young trees: apply 20 ~ 25 kg/666.7 m2 of compound fertilizer every winter or before February of the following year. You can also apply decomposed farmyard manure or decomposed compost1000 ~1500kg/666.7m2.. Applying 10 ~ 15g compound fertilizer to each plant in spring and summer can provide nutritional conditions for young trees to produce new branches and promote young trees to form a reasonable tree structure.
2. Fruit trees: acupoint application is adopted from the end of March to April every year, and urea or ammonium carbonate 15g or fully decomposed human and animal manure 1200kg/666.7m2 is applied to each plant to promote branching and budding. From May to June, when gardenia blooms, spraying 0./kloc-0.5% borax and 0.20% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves. Choosing cloudy day or evening is conducive to the full absorption of gardenia tree and improving the flowering and fruiting rate of plants. June ~ 10 is the expansion and development period of gardenia fruit, and July ~ September is the vigorous flowering period of gardenia branches. In late June and early August, 250g/ plant of NPK compound fertilizer/kloc-0 should be applied to promote fruit development and flower bud differentiation. After picking the fruits, apply 2000kg/666.7 m2 of decomposed farmer base fertilizer, and add boron phosphate fertilizer 100kg (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer plus 0.50% borax) to promote the recovery of tree vigor and enhance the cold resistance in winter.
Third, water resources management.
During the growth period of young trees, if there is a long-term drought in summer and the garden soil is very dry, it should be watered at least 2 ~ 3 times to ensure the physiological demand of young trees for water. Results Before flowering, after flowering and during fruit development, in addition to fertilization, 1 ~ 2 times irrigation should be paid attention to when summer drought is serious to ensure high quality and high yield of Gardenia.
Fourth, plastic trimming.
1, young tree shaping: young tree shaping: after the young tree survives, cut it at10 ~1(afforestation in autumn and winter) or February-March of the following year (afforestation in spring), and cut it off at the place where the young tree is 20 ~ 25 cm away from the ground. Zhixia shoots germinate, and each plant chooses 3 ~ 4 thick and fat branches as the main branches, paying attention to make them evenly distributed as far as possible. In the second year, summer shoots sprout, and 3-4 secondary branches are cultivated on each main branch to form evenly distributed branches, and the crown is gradually cultivated into a round head shape. Within two years of afforestation, in order to promote the growth of young trees and cultivate the crown, the trunk and main branches should be sprouted, the lower tillers should be cut off and the flower buds should be removed. In the third year, you can leave the fruit appropriately. Gardenia can still bloom in autumn, but the later flowers can't form mature fruits, so the buds should be removed from September to 10. In order to facilitate harvesting, the height of gardenia tree should be controlled at1.5 ~1.6m. ..
2. Pruning of fruiting trees: Thinning should be based on fruiting trees, and it should be carried out 20 days before germination in winter or next spring. When pruning, the buds above the roots, trunk and main branches should be erased first, and then the dead branches, pests and diseases, crossing, overlapping, dense, drooping, aging and collapsed branches in the crown should be neglected to be pruned, so that the branches in the crown are evenly distributed, sparse inside and dense outside, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, reducing pests and diseases and improving fruit setting rate.
Fourth, pest control.
If gardenia is properly managed in the growth period, pests and diseases rarely occur. If pests and diseases are found, biological control should be given priority to, supplemented by chemical control. Pesticides with low toxicity and residue should be selected for chemical control, and pesticides should not be applied 30 days before fruit harvesting. This paper introduces several main pest control methods:
1, brown streak: This disease harms leaves and fruits. When the disease is serious, the leaves of plants lose their green, turn yellow or brown, which leads to leaf shedding and early fruit drop, which seriously affects the yield. Prevention and control methods: first, strengthen pruning and burning diseased plants and leaves to prevent the spread and spread of diseases; Second, before the onset of the disease in late May and early August, spray 1: 100 bordeaux solution or 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000 ~ 1500 times every 0 days for 2 ~ 3 times.
2, Gardenia leaf roller moth: larvae harm spring, summer and autumn shoots. In case of the peak of insect population density, the flower bud germination decreased and the yield decreased significantly in the second year after the injury. When pests occur, spray Bacillus with 0/00 times of/kloc-to kill borers (each gram contains more than live spores 100 billion) or 90% trichlorfon with 0/0 times of/kloc-.
3, gardenia moth: larvae damage the root bark, causing rot, and in severe cases, the whole plant dies. When pests occur, 50% phoxim emulsion can be used to fill 50L of water per 100mL of liquid medicine, and 0.5kg can be poured into each hole.
4, coffee wing moth: larvae harm leaves and buds. Control methods: First, reclaim Gardenia Garden 1 time in winter, so that pupae are exposed to topsoil and eaten by natural enemies or killed artificially. The second is to spray abamectin 500-800 times and Bacillus to kill borers 100 times with biological pesticides (each gram contains more than live spores 1000 billion). It can also be sprayed with 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution.
5. Scale insects and aphids: This insect harms branches, leaves and trunks. When pests occur, dimethoate EC 1000 ~ 1500 times should be sprayed.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Gardenia picking and processing
1, Gardenia picking
The yellow pigment contained in gardenia fruit is formed during the growth and development of the tree, and will hardly increase after harvesting. Therefore, the picking time of gardenia should not be too early. Otherwise, the fruit is not fully mature, not only the fruit is small and the pulp is not full, which affects the yield, but also the content of yellow pigment in the fruit is low. Gardenia is picked late, the fruit is too mature, it is not easy to dry, and it is easy to mildew and discolor after processing, which reduces the utilization value and price, which is not conducive to the nutrient accumulation of the tree and the safe wintering of the tree. Generally, the picking time of gardenia fruits is from the middle of June 65438+1 October to June 65438+1October, and1batch should be picked at maturity, and the best picking time is that the peel turns from green to red and from red to Huang Shi. Fruit picking should be carried out on sunny days or after the dew dries in the afternoon.
2. Gardenia processing
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is harvested and processed in batches. The method is as follows: pour the fresh fruit without seeds and impurities into a self-made steam boiler for fumigation for 3 minutes, then put the gardenia in a clean threshing field for 2-3 days, dry it to 60% or 70%, pile it in a cool and ventilated place for about 3 days, and then dry it in the sun. Fresh fruit can also be dried. In the process of drying, pay attention to turning it gently, so as not to damage the peel and prevent external moisture or internal scorching. Whether the fresh fruit is dried or baked, the pulp should be hard and dry.