Greenhouse grape cultivation has solved four major problems that have long plagued grape cultivation in the open field in our region, such as many diseases, low fruit setting rate, monotonous varieties and poor quality. Grapes ripen sooner or later, and it is difficult to cultivate them in the open field. Eurasian grapes have been successfully cultivated. Through greenhouse cultivation, grapes can be fully matured and harvested to improve their quality.
First, build a garden.
1. The shed structure adopts single-layer or arched steel pipe or bamboo shed, with a shed width of 6-8m, a shoulder width of 1.6-2.0m, a top height of 2.8-3.2m, and unlimited length. The covering film adopts PVC long-life film or ethylene-vinyl acetate film.
2. Plant two rows in each shed, with the row spacing of 3-4m. Use Y-shaped or double-cross fence frames or plant 1-2 rows of arched small shed frames with the top height of1.8-2.0m in each shed.
Second, colonization.
1, preparation before planting: open a big ditch, 60 ~ 80 cm deep, 80 cm wide and unlimited in length. Bury cement columns every 4 ~ 4.5 meters, mix 5000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, use 2% calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate as base fertilizer, fully mix with soil, and turn over the ditch for planting.
2. Planting: The seedlings are planted in 65438+February in winter or February-March in spring. Seedling raising in electric hotbed should take root from late October to early February at 65438+1and be planted in nursery in the middle and late April. Plant two rows in the greenhouse with a row spacing of 3-4 meters; Plant spacing: strong variety 1.5 ~ 2m, weak variety1m. That year, the seedlings were cultivated in a shelter from the rain.
Three, seedling management:
1. Apply thin fertilizer frequently and water after planting. After the seedlings germinate or slow down, apply thin fertilizer every half a month or so (to avoid excessive fertilization). By mid-August, stop applying nitrogen fertilizer, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in stages, combine spraying and topdressing outside the roots.
2. Pest control: Generally, Eurasian grape varieties are sensitive to Bordeaux solution containing a lot of lime, so fungicides such as chlorothalonil, carbendazim methyl or DuPont Fosun are used during leaf tender. When leaves mature in autumn, Bordeaux mixture or Sheng Da m-45 can be used to control downy mildew. If downy mildew has occurred, metalaxyl can be used to control downy mildew. Strictly prevent chafers from eating leaves and spraying herbicides.
3. Tree culture: hedge frame: when the seedling height is 70-80 cm, pick the core and dry it, select the top two shoots, pull an iron wire at 70-80 cm to split the two shoots to both sides of the main vine, then pick the core to promote thickening when the length of the main vine is 82- 100 cm, and then pick the secondary branches and leave 4-6 leaves for core; Small shed frame: after the seedlings are uniaxially extended to the 1 meter shed surface, the core is removed. In this way, in autumn, the trees basically meet the conditions for fruiting.
4. Cultivation points:
1. Convenient cultivation: It takes about 1500-2000 hours for the dormant period of grapes in winter when the temperature is lower than 7.2℃. Full dormancy at low temperature can improve the uniformity of germination and flowering. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the dormancy ended from the end of June to the beginning of February, so the first half of February is the best time for greenhouse heat preservation (no heating). At this time, the lowest temperature in the whole year (65438+ in June) has been avoided, and the temperature began to rise slowly, so making full use of light energy is conducive to heat storage and insulation. For example, after defoliation in winter (1-65438+February), treating annual branches and buds with 20% lime nitrogen solution has obvious effects on breaking the dormancy of grapes, sprouting, flowering and fruiting about one week earlier. Cover the insulation or heating greenhouse appropriately in advance. Lime nitrogen is first stirred and dissolved with warm water, and the clear solution after precipitation can be used at any time. Brushing dormant buds with a brush has no adverse effect on flower quality.
2. Management before germination after plastic film mulching: (1) Select film mulching. The strength of membrane is an important factor in grape cultivation in greenhouse in southern China. High temperature and strong ultraviolet radiation in summer lead to rapid aging of the membrane, and typhoon damage and leakage in early autumn lead to fruit diseases. At present, the high-strength plastic film produced in China is an ideal anti-aging and long-life film. Early-maturing varieties are covered from February to August, and the film is uncovered after the fruit is harvested; Late-maturing varieties can be used continuously for two seasons (two years) from March to September, not exceeding half a year, and the aging of longevity film is not obvious. However, for late-maturing varieties, it is necessary to pressurize the film line on each shed to increase the wind resistance. When uncovering the film, the shed number should be marked on the first label in case it is covered in the same shed next year. The film width of the shed should be 8 meters, which can directly cover both sides, which is beneficial to shelter from rain and control water. Popularize greenhouse cultivation (early and middle maturity varieties), cover with plastic film and stop apron to keep warm; Rain-proof cultivation greenhouse (late-maturing variety) does not need heat preservation, and it can be without skirts, so that the two sides are better ventilated, which is conducive to delaying maturity. (2) Heat preservation and moisture preservation in the shed. After plastic film mulching, the greenhouse should maintain the daily temperature of 28℃ and the night temperature of not less than 65438 00℃. In fact, the temperature difference between inside and outside the shed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai in February needs to be kept above 15℃ to reach the ideal temperature in the shed. The temperature in the shed is the decisive factor in the morning and evening, and it is more important to improve the temperature at night than during the day. (3) Methods of increasing greenhouse temperature: double-layer plastic film mulching, floating surface plastic film mulching, rhizosphere plastic film mulching, etc. , in order to increase the ground temperature; A wind-proof wall is added to the northwest of the shed to prevent wind and increase the temperature in the shed. (4) Fully irrigate the greenhouse before mulching with plastic film to keep the relative humidity of air in the greenhouse above 90% during germination, which is beneficial to orderly germination. If the air humidity in the greenhouse is too low before germination, the bud will be delayed or even withered. Adequate irrigation in greenhouse after plastic film mulching will lead to the decrease of soil temperature, so try to avoid irrigation halfway after plastic film mulching and spray water on branches to improve the wettability of buds.
Grape berries ripen early in plastic greenhouse, which can not only meet the market demand, but also make fruit farmers get considerable economic benefits. The average output value per 667 square meters is 1. 1.3 million yuan, and the net benefit is 8900 yuan, which is 0.4-0.5 million yuan higher than that in the open field. Therefore, by the end of 200 1, the total developed area of the whole region has reached 784 hectares, with an output value of 65438+33 million yuan and a net profit of150,000 yuan. This research has passed the evaluation of expert evaluation group 200 1 and 10 organized by Shenyang Science and Technology Commission, and is at the advanced level of similar research in China.
Grape planting in plastic greenhouses is mainly distributed in more than a dozen towns and villages such as Daqing, Zhaijia, Shi Yang and Masanjia in Hongqu. Below we mainly take Huang, a villager in Houma Village, Daqing Township, as a typical example, and introduce its main cultivation techniques.
I. Plastic shed structure
There are six greenhouses in Huangjia, each with an area of 400 square meters, a span of 6 meters, a length of 60 meters, a ridge height of 2.5 meters and a shed spacing of 2 meters.
Second, the varieties and framework
Seedless Zaohong (86 1 1) was selected as the main planting variety in the shed, and Jingya and Alos rose were used as the control varieties. The frame used is a small climbing shed with a row spacing of 4 meters and a plant spacing of 0.5 meters, and each shed is planted with 240 plants.
Thirdly, soil preparation and planting.
Prepare the soil before freezing in autumn one year before planting. Strip soil preparation method is adopted, that is, planting ditches with a depth of 0.5m and a width of 0.5m are dug and backfilled in time to avoid soil evaporation and water loss. When backfilling, apply 20 cm thick organic matter at the bottom of the ditch, and backfill the upper part with organic matter mixed with topsoil. There is subsoil between the two ditches, and it is forbidden to backfill the ditches.
The planting time is in the middle of April in spring. Select the first-class seedlings, soak them for 24 hours before planting, then disinfect them with 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture, and water them in time after planting.
Fourth, the management of branches and vines
1. In the first year of management planting, select 1 robust new shoots as the main vine from the near ground, and insert bamboo poles as the support guide. Leave two leaves for the secondary branch from the axil of the new branch, and wipe off the secondary branch that has been sent out for 2-3 times. When the main vine grows to 1.5 meters high, the core is removed.
2. In the second year of management, the vines should be erected and tied in time. Select a new shoot from the top of each main vine to continue to extend, and the treatment of extended branches is the same as that of the previous year. The new branches below the extended branches should be erased as soon as possible within 30 cm from the ground. The remaining new branches leave 3 fruiting branches and 2-3 vegetative branches. At the initial flowering stage, the fruiting branches produce 3-5 leaves earlier than the inflorescence. After that, two leaves were left on the secondary tip of the front end for repeated coring, and all other secondary tips were removed. When pruning in winter, cut the main vine to 2 meters long, cut other new branches to 2-3 buds, and leave 6 fruiting mother branches per meter of vine.
Grape shaping is over. After the third year, the management of branches and vines is basically the same as that in the open field.
3. Inflorescence shaping includes pinching spike, removing secondary spike and thinning fruit grains. Pinch off 1/5— 1/4 from the spike tip, and remove the secondary spike of inflorescence differentiation. Fruit thinning refers to the thinning of some small, sick, injured, deformed and over-dense fruit grains on the fruiting ear 10- 15 days after the grapes wither and when the soybean grains are large.
V. Management of soil, fertilizer and water
1, soil management After each irrigation, the pool surface should be loosened, and the depth should not exceed 10 cm.
2. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizer, mainly long-acting organic fertilizer and baby brand biological fertilizer produced by Shenyang No.1 Grain Depot Soil Fertilizer Factory. The dosage of the former is 0/000 kg per 667 m2/kloc, and the latter is 50 kg. The application period is once before flowering and once in early September.
Water the roots with Huashuai biological fertilizer, with the dosage of1000 ml/667m2 each time, * * * 4 times, with the interval of 15 days.
3. Water management After the grapes are unearthed and put on shelves, they should be watered once. The sooner the better, the more thorough the better. Appropriate irrigation should be carried out according to soil type and soil moisture in the future. In the early stage, plastic film was buckled in the shed to moisturize. Fruits should keep sufficient moisture during the expansion period.
Six, temperature management
1, heating time The heating time of grapes in plastic greenhouse is generally around 10 in March. If the shed is covered with a small arch shed, it can be 15-20 days in advance. However, once the grape bud eyes germinate, the temperature in the shed should not be lower than 0℃, otherwise freezing injury will occur.
2. Temperature management after heating: the temperature before germination is 20℃-23℃, with the maximum not exceeding 25℃, and the temperature at night is 5℃- 10℃, with the minimum not lower than 0℃. During germination, the daily temperature is 20℃-25℃, the night temperature is 10℃- 15℃, and the minimum temperature is not lower than 3℃. From leaf spreading to flowering, the daily temperature is 25℃-28℃, the night temperature 10℃- 15℃, and the lowest temperature is above 6℃. The daily temperature of flowering period is 28℃-32℃, the night temperature is 15℃- 18℃, and the lowest temperature is above 10℃. If the temperature cannot be reached during flowering, heat preservation measures should be taken at night.
Seven, pest control
In the early stage, the protective agent was applied once when the new shoots were 30-40. Centimeter. The medicine includes Bordeaux mixture, Sheng Da M-45 and kocide. If the disease has occurred, use therapeutic agents, such as Hui Ke and Huimeiling.
Pests are mainly grape felting disease and hard-core scale. Spraying the mixture of sulfur mixture and dichlorvos emulsion once before grape germination is very effective for controlling these two pests.
Eight, wintering and cold protection
The method of wintering and preventing cold is to cover the greenhouse film well before freezing in autumn, and cover the vines with 10 cm thick straw after the grapes in the greenhouse are taken off the shelf, so that they can safely overwinter.