Autologous bone tissue rhinoplasty is one of the earliest materials used for rhinoplasty. Its main advantages are easy survival after transplantation and no rejection. Autologous bone tissue of rhinoplasty is mostly taken from ilium, but also from ribs, tibia, skull and so on. Autologous bone augmentation rhinoplasty has some problems, such as poor elasticity of bone tissue and difficult shaping. Therefore, the postoperative appearance is not very natural, the autogenous bone is inconvenient to obtain, the bone source is limited, and the resection will cause secondary pain and even complications for the patient. Bone resorption can also occur for a long time, leading to changes in external morphology, which is difficult for patients to accept. At present, it is rarely used in rhinoplasty and beauty. However, for the correction of complex nasal deformity or severe saddle nose, autologous bone transplantation is still needed.

2. Allogeneic tissue

Rhinoplasty with allogenic tissue refers to rhinoplasty with fresh cadaver bone and cartilage tissue as rhinoplasty materials after special treatment. After rhinoplasty, allogenic bone and cartilage only played a temporary mechanical support role, and were eventually replaced by autologous bone. Because of the difficulty in source, quantity and quality, allogenic tissue was gradually abandoned.

3. Heterogeneous organizations

At present, the heterogeneous tissues used for rhinoplasty mainly include bovine nasal septum cartilage, bovine costal cartilage and calf sternum, which can be used for human rhinoplasty after special treatment. Its advantages are convenient and abundant materials and easy molding. Its disadvantage is that although it has been specially treated, some individuals still have weak antigenicity and may be rejected: they have different degrees of absorption, so the long-term effect is not satisfactory. It is difficult to be widely used because it can only be used in human body after special treatment. At present, few people use heterogeneous tissues in rhinoplasty.

4, biological tissue substitutes

With the development of science and technology and the progress of chemical synthesis industry, biological tissue substitutes suitable for human body have become a reality. The progress of tissue substitutes will promote the development of cosmetic plastic surgery. In 1970s, the commonly used biological tissue substitutes were liquid silica gel, ivory, dental materials, solid silica gel, artificial bone materials and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, liquid silica gel was widely used in China. After rhinoplasty with liquid silica gel injection, clinical observation proves that it can cause persistent erythema, swelling, skin necrosis of bridge of nose, tooth swelling and even facial disfigurement. Moreover, liquid silica gel can diffuse, permeate and permeate around, and there is no clear boundary, so it is difficult to handle. The United States has strictly banned the use. Many domestic scholars advocate that it is forbidden to use it or use it with caution.

Ivory: ivory has good biocompatibility and generally does not cause rejection, but it is gradually abandoned for rhinoplasty because of its high hardness, difficult carving and animal protection.

Tooth-building materials: polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a tooth-building material used in rhinoplasty, and it is one of the solid biological tissue substitutes used in rhinoplasty earlier. Good biocompatibility, it needs to be blended when it is used for rhinoplasty, and it is very easy to be polluted. If the pollution is not completely removed before operation, it will easily lead to complications such as infection, pain and rejection. Its prosthesis preparation is complex and the operation is relatively difficult, so it is rarely used at present.

Solid silica gel: it is a common rhinoplasty material at present, and it is a polymer silicide. It was used as early as 1972. After more than 20 years of observation, although the incidence of complications can reach 5%-20%, it is still one of the first choice materials for rhinoplasty because of its good biocompatibility and low price. Its main disadvantage is that it can not establish blood circulation with the body and form tissue connection, and it is only wrapped by fibrous tissue, so it can penetrate the skin at weak tissue. Due to the contracture of fibrous capsule, it can cause the surface of silicone prosthesis to protrude, which affects the appearance effect.

Artificial bone material: mainly refers to hydroxyapatite. It is the main inorganic component of human bone tissue, so it has good biocompatibility and no side effects such as teratogenesis, sensitization and carcinogenesis. It has been widely used in stomatology and orthopedics. It has been used for rhinoplasty and cosmetology since the mid-1980s. It is easy to operate and shape, especially for people with low nose bridge, and the postoperative effect is particularly satisfactory. Because there is no supporting effect, it has poor effect on people with low nasal tip.

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE): from the medical point of view, it is the most ideal biological tissue substitute at present. Because of its good biocompatibility and unique microporous structure, it is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic and non-allergenic. Human tissue cells and blood vessels can grow into its micropores to form tissue connections, just like autologous tissue. The effect of rhinoplasty with it is satisfactory. Expanded PTFE rhinoplasty material was introduced into China from the United States on 1995, but its high price affected its universal application.

Rhinoplasty usually takes 5-7 days to remove stitches, 15 days to recover, and it takes at least one month to fully recover.

This is the corresponding introduction, I hope it will help you!

References:

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