The name of ancient jade. Jade ritual vessels used by ancient emperors and princes in courtship, sacrifice and funeral. This is a question of credit. Long strip, pointed down, also called "Jue". The shape and size vary according to the topic and purpose. Li Zhou Guan Chun Dian Rui includes Da Gui, Zhengui, Huangui, Xingui, Gonggui, Gubi, Pubi, Sigui and Naked Gui. It was also found in Zhou tombs.

Mt Jade

The jade hand board was held at the court. That is "Shen". "The Book of Rites Jade Algae": "Water: The emperor used ball jade, the vassal used elephant, and the doctor used fish to write bamboo." Note: "The ball is beautiful."

pass away/on

The ancient imperial court used the token Wang Zhizhen Gui, one of the six terminals. Also known as "Zhengui". "Li Zhou Guan Chun Da Bo": "Wang Zhi is really expensive." Note: "The town is safe, so it is safe in all directions." Guiyu town is decorated with mountains of four towns, and Guiyu is two inches long. "

Minggui

Yu Gui awarded by the emperor to the minister. In the eleventh year of Zuo Zhuan, the public ordered Jin Hou. Note: "When the vassal ascended the throne, the emperor's life ended." "Li Zhoukao Gong Ji in People": "Life is nine inches, which is called returning to Guangxi, and the public keeps it; Life is five inches, believing in Gui and Hou Shouzhi; Life is seven inches, that is, you bow to it and guard it. "

Gugui

The name of ancient jade. Jade ritual vessels used by ancient princes to make peace or hire women. Also known as "Gubi". "Zhou Li Chun Guan Dian Rui": "Harmony is the most important thing in ancient times, and women are hired." Note: "Gu Hao is decorated with Su Like Wen Ran." "Flower King Gongji in People": "Ancient is seven inches expensive."

Guibi

"Gui" is also called "Jue". Jade articles held by ancient emperors during courtship or sacrifice. Zhou Li Chun Guan Dian Rui: "Many people admire Huan Gui ... and the pilgrimage will meet the king." Zheng Xuan quoted Zheng Sinong as saying, "quotations are found in the monarch." "The Biography of Ming Di in the Later Han Dynasty": "I personally hold jade and worship the world."

jade

The name of ancient jade. It is also made of stained glass. A flat circle with a hole in the middle. Bi is divided into big bi, ancient bi and common bi. The wall is one foot and two inches long in diameter, and the son of heaven is a godsend. It is also useful to enjoy the princes of the emperor. The ceremony day must be light color, and the cover is round, like the sky, like the color of the sky. Gu Bizi holds it, adorns it, and takes care of others. Nan holds it, it is decorated in the shape of pu, and pu is used as a cushion, which means safety. The three are collectively called "arches" because they must be arched with both hands. There is also a tie wall, which is small in shape and attached to the gentry. Jade jade existed in the Neolithic age, with many bright elements, no ornamentation and relatively simple shape. Jade articles in Shang and Zhou dynasties were uneven in thickness and irregular in shape, and most of them were not round enough inside and outside. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, jade articles were relatively regular, including silkworms, valleys, cattails and animals. Han inherited the style of the previous generation and was finely carved. From the Han Dynasty to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, jade carvings were rare. Ming and Qing dynasties flourished again, and a large number of antique products appeared, with exquisite relief and spiral patterns on the walls. Emerald Emerald is a ritual vessel used by ancient nobles. It also plays the role of a token and an ornament in different times and under different circumstances. Jade in the Han Dynasty has small holes on it, which are used for threading needles as ornaments or hanging on the wall as decorations. In many Han tombs, there are treasures, which are often placed on the chest or back of the deceased, and some are placed between coffins, and even inlaid on the coffins for decoration. The use of jade is very complicated. It can be roughly divided into the following categories. One is a ritual vessel, which is used to worship heaven, gods, mountains, seas, stars and rivers. Second, ritual vessels, as a gift from heaven or a symbol of different identities; Attach three works; 4. Balance used as weight; 5. Used to ward off evil spirits and prevent the corpse from rotting.

Yuhu

Ancient jade A kind of jade carved in the shape of a tiger is called a tiger. Xia Nai: The article "Classification, Naming and Use of Jade Articles in Shang Dynasty" (Archaeology 1983, No.5) states: "I thought that jade articles engraved with tiger stripes on their surfaces should be named according to their shapes, and the word" tiger stripes "should be added in front of them. As for tiger-shaped jade articles, those with holes are called tiger-shaped Yu Pei, while those without holes are called jade tigers as playthings or exhibits.

Yuhu

Carve a jade into a tiger, that is, "Hu" Qin Shihuang: "The first emperor said,' How can you fly away when you portray shapes? Let spring draw every point with two jade tigers, but I lost it every day for ten days. I don't know where it is. "See" jade pot ".

Top jewel of belt pendant

The name of ancient jade. Jade ornaments, the upper part is mixed with horizontal jade. It is shaped like a chin, very small, or has a corner on it. It is used on the wall ring.

ring

The name of ancient jade. A round jade with a hole in the middle. Er Ya Shi Qi: "Meat is like a ring." Guo Pu's Note: "Meat, fate; Ok, Kong. " Running script: "Yuan, Kong Shi, etc. They are all the same. " A jade ring. Used as an ornament in ancient times. History of Song Dynasty, Records of Imperial Husband III: "The system of wearing a crown ...... the third prize, the third jade ring." He also said, "The clothes of empresses, small gifts and jade rings." "Book of Jin Zhou Interview Biography": "Visiting Anger. I explained it and left a jade ring bowl to show my gratitude. "

Jade pendant

"Pei" is also called "Pei" Jade jewelry. "Poem Qin Feng Weiyang": "I send my uncle, I think about it; Why give it up, Qiong Gui Yu Pei. " Xiao Deyan's "Dance of chanting": "Lower your body to Yu Pei, raise your sleeves and brush off your clothes."

Huanjun

The name of ancient jade. There are two kinds of jadeite jade, one is a circular jade ring, and the other is a notched circular jade block. Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi: "Those who don't doubt the crown will be crowned as sages, wear swords and rings, praise Bo, and worship at the door."

Jade belt hook

The name of ancient jade. Also known as rhinoceros. The hook belt may have been invented by nomadic people in northern China. There are two kinds of hooks: copper hooks and jade hooks. Popular in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties. Some copper hooks are inlaid with turquoise. A jade belt hook was found in a tomb in the late Spring and Autumn Period or the early Warring States Period in Gushi, Henan Province, which is the earliest known one. Jade belt hooks have been unearthed from tombs in the Western Han Dynasty, such as Mancheng in Hebei, Xiaoguishan in Tongshan, Jiangsu, and Donghan's tomb in Beizhuang, Dingxian County, Hebei Province.

Yugou

Jade hook, hence the name. There are belt hooks, curtain hooks, account hooks, etc. "Song Shu Fu Rui Xia Zhi": "In April of the second year of Han Yongxing, there was green air under the night wall of Guang Luxun's official residence, and he got a jade hook and a title. The hook is seven inches and three minutes long and has carvings inside. " "The Legend of the Fairy Lady's Hook Wing": "Emperor Wu wears a hand and gets a jade hook."

Yu Jianshi

Refers to the decorative jade used on the sword. There are four common types: sword head, sword lattice, buckle on sheath, and jade ornaments (rafters) at the end of sheath. Jade sword ornaments began in the Warring States period. The swords in the Warring States period were short and small, with small and thin heads, sharp edges and few squares (mostly copper and iron). There are two kinds of swords: slender and small buckle. In the Han dynasty, the sword was the biggest, and its sword was similar to that of the Warring States. An iron sword was unearthed from the No.1 Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province. Four kinds of jade swords were decorated with awe and high relief jade ornaments respectively. After the Han dynasty, jade sword ornaments have been rare; There are many imitations in Ming and Qing dynasties.

Jade rafter

Decoration on the scabbard. Same as Ji and Shu. "Poetry Xiaoya Wang Luo Yi": "A gentleman is the best, there are flaws." Interpretation of the text: "Here, the word is also a spear, which must be reversed and decorated with a sheath."

thenar eminence

The name of ancient jade. The jade ornament on the scabbard mouth is called "Yi", and the small square jade on the opposite side is called "Yi". "Poetry Xiaoya Wang Luo Yi": "A gentleman is the best, there are flaws." "Biography": "Hey, decoration; Hey, the bottom decoration. ..................................................................................................................................................................................

Yuyi

The name of ancient jade. Jade burial clothes, also known as "jade box" and "jade hammer". Cut the jade into small pieces of various shapes and punch holes in the corners. According to different grades, there are three materials: gold, silver and copper. The biography of Han Huo Guang: "Light ... gives gold thread, filler, .................................................................................................................................................... from/ From kloc-0/946 to 1978, more than 22 sets of jade clothes were found, of which *** 1 1 set belonged to the Western Han Dynasty, and at least 1 12 sets belonged to the Western Han Dynasty.

Emerald dolphin

The name of ancient jade. Dolphin-shaped jade articles held by ancient dead people. Jade dolphins were often unearthed in tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and their shapes and decorations were very simple. Buried with it, mainly witchcraft.

Yu

The name of ancient jade. "Han" is also called "Han", and some books are also called "tongue". In ancient times, the dead would put jade in his mouth when he died. "Zhou Li Tiangong Tianfu": "The great mourning * * * (for) contains jade." Great mourning refers to the funeral of the emperor. Others are walls, pearls, bottles, rice and shellfish, which vary according to the identity of the deceased. Jade is mostly cicada-shaped, so it is also called "jade cicada". Archaeological findings show that as early as the Shang Dynasty, the dead had shells in their mouths. According to records, the mouth of the deceased in the Spring and Autumn Period contained "Zhu Yu". A cicada-shaped jade article with a hole was found in the mouth of the deceased in the tomb of the Western Zhou Dynasty at No.816 Zhongzhou Road, Luoyang, Henan. Jade cicadas were found in Han tombs as jade articles.

jade toad—moon

The name of ancient jade. In ancient times, the jade buried in the mouth of the deceased was named "Jade Cicada" because it was carved into the shape of a cicada. According to Guangxu: "Cicada, take its lofty, drink dew and not eat", "Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan": "Cicada, flowing in turbidity and filth, can not get the dirt of the world." Shuowen: "Shedding, snake cicada sheds its skin." It is known that jade is cicada-shaped, which seems to give the deceased a specific meaning by the physiological habits of cicadas, implying that people will not eat or drink dew after death, and will not get stained with mud and water. This is the meaning of the dead since the Warring States Period. See "jade"

pure as jade

Jade Jeff was used as an important symbol in ancient times. "Zhou Li Local Officials and Palm Festival": "Those who protect the country use jade festivals, and those who protect the capital use horn festivals." Biography of the Ram: Six Years of Mourning for the Duke: "Go with the Jade Festival."

imperial jade seal

The emperor's decree. In ancient times, seals and seals were called gold or jade. Since the Qin dynasty, jade has been used as a special seal for emperors. So it means the throne.

Emerald fish

Carving jade into fish is a treasure and an ornament. Feng Zhi's Miscellaneous Notes on Yunxian: "Guifei (Yang Guifei) is bitter and hot, and her lungs are thirsty. She contains a jade fish every day to cool her body and nourish her lungs. " Cheng Dachang's "Showing Fish Bag": "Fu Bao in the Six Codes is a system of carrying fish symbols, with two on the left and one on the right. The prince uses jade, the prince uses gold, the official uses silver, and Pei thinks it is decorated. " Also used as a sacrifice. Du Fu's poem "your legend": "Yesterday jade fish was buried, and the golden bowl came out of the world early."

jade belt

The jade belt used by officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties was used to distinguish the ranks of officials. Cheng Dachang's Xiu Fan Lu, Volume 12: "In the Tang Dynasty, all the five levels and above were gold belts, and the third level was also gold belts. Although the jade belt of this dynasty has been given special gifts, it must be allowed to be used in the court. " Then he said, "All princes in this dynasty wore jade belts." "History of Song Dynasty and History of Yu": "In the first month of the seventh year of Taiping and Xingguo, academicians and others wrote:' In order to specify the vehicle service system, please take more than three jade belts and more than four gold belts. "In the Ming Dynasty, only princes and yipin civil servants used jade belts. For details, please refer to the records about Yu Fu in History of Ming Dynasty II and III. In the Qing dynasty, only a jade belt was specially given. See Wu Rongguang's My Learning Recording System.

Jade bead

Yuzhu. "Ode to the Present": "Since the later Han Dynasty, the crown of the son of heaven has been made by real white jade beads."

Jade algae

Jade ornaments hanging from ancient crowns. "Book of Rites Jade Algae": "There are two jade algae of the son of heaven, stretching back and forth." "Vegetables": "If the emperor is rich in jade algae, the name of the algae is mixed with silk rope, jade is penetrated, and jade is decorated with algae, so it is also a cloud of jade algae." "The coronation of Yu Fuzhi in the Later Han Dynasty": "Coronation, drooping, deep and open, jade algae." The name of Juan Guyu. It is an arc-shaped jade article. Jade ritual vessels used by ancient nobles for courtship, sacrifice, funeral and recruitment. Also used as an ornament. Jade yellow in Yin Dynasty is generally one third of jadeite, and only a few are close to half. Therefore, "Bi" is inconsistent with "Yin system" and "Zhou system". Juan's perforation is an ornament, so it is called "Huang Pei". In the Neolithic Age, Huang Pei usually had a small hole at each end for wearing. Jade Huang in Shang Dynasty was mostly made of Yuhuan. After Huang Pei is shaped, it is usually carved to form a dragon shape and a fish shape, and some people carve scales and triangular patterns on the surface.

The name of ancient jade. A big hole in the wall. Erya Shi Qi: "The good times of meat are called." Guo Pu's Note: "The big side of the hole is small." "Xunzi Outline": "Ask the scholars to match it, and call people to serve it." Xia Nai: The article "Classification, Naming and Use of Jade Articles in Shang Dynasty" (Archaeology 1983, No.5) puts forward that "good" refers to the holes inside and "meat" refers to the surrounding edges. The unearthed jade jade is inconsistent with what Er Ya said. It is considered that the word "yuan" can be abandoned in the name of ancient jade in the future. Macroporous jades with rings have appeared in Neolithic tombs, and some of them are worn as bracelets on the arms of the dead. Therefore, we might as well interpret Yuan as an ancient jade bracelet. Zhou Nanquan's article "On Neolithic Jade in Taihu Lake Area" (Archaeological RelicsNo. 1985) holds that "Yuan" has a clear definition in ancient books, and the Yuhuan and Yuan unearthed from the tomb of King Zhongshan in the Warring States Period are written in ink, which is also consistent with "Erya Shi Qi". It is not appropriate to change the name today. "I agree with erya Shi Qi's explanation.