(1) Branch and bud management in planting year
1 sprout. When the daily average outdoor temperature is above 15℃, grape bud eyes begin to sprout. After the bud eyes germinate, it is best to choose two buds per plant and wipe off the rest as soon as possible when the size can be distinguished. Buds sprouting at the base (below the joint) should be erased several times as soon as possible in order to save nutrition.
2 choose the heart. When the two buds grow to 20 cm, select 1 weak branch, let another new branch grow, concentrate nutrients on one branch, and then shoot when the new branch grows to the required length (depending on the frame). After the new buds are cored, the secondary buds germinate in turn from bottom to top, leaving four secondary buds at the top, and all the others are erased as soon as possible. When the upper two secondary branches grow to more than 8 leaves, 7 leaves are reserved for coring, 4 leaves are reserved for the lower two secondary branches, 1 ~ 2 leaves are reserved for repeated coring, 4 leaves are reserved for the upper extension branches for the second time, and 6,544 leaves are reserved for the extension branches after germination for three times. When cutting trees in winter, only 4 branches are left on each tree, including 2 buds on the lower 2 branches, 7-8 buds on the upper 2 branches, and 4,500-5,000 buds per mu, which can meet the demand of high-yield grapes in the next year.
(2) Cultivation management after the second year
① Cover the film in time. In winter, the grapes go into deep dormancy. When the grapes have completely passed dormancy, the cover will lose its meaning too late, and the premature dormancy time is insufficient, resulting in uneven germination and small inflorescences.
② Temperature and humidity adjustment. Before germination, close the shed door day and night to increase the temperature in the shed, which is generally controlled within 30℃ and not more than 35℃. In case of sunny and hot days, when the temperature in the shed reaches 30℃, it is necessary to open the shed for ventilation, and the whole shed should be evenly ventilated to make the buds tidy. Combined with the application of germination accelerating fertilizer, keep the soil moist and high humidity in the shed, and promote the continuous differentiation of flower buds. If the branches and vines are too dry, spray water on them.
From germination to before flowering 1 week, we should do a good job in preventing low temperature freezing injury, high temperature heat injury and high humidity. In late March, when the new shoots grow to 5 ~ 20 cm, when the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 5℃, the grapes will stop growing completely, and when the temperature is lower than 0℃, the grapes will be frozen. The concrete anti-freezing measures are to hang 2m-wide old film or straw on the inside of the shed film, and cover two 2m-wide films on both sides of the steel wire of the lower beam of the double cross V-shaped frame in the middle to form a closed inner layer from both sides to the ground, which can increase the temperature 1.5 ~ 2℃. In case of snowy days, the snow on the film should be swept away in time or sprayed with water to melt it, and the temperature should be raised in time if possible. Electric lights or charcoal materials should be installed in the shed in advance, and electricity or charcoal can be burned to raise the temperature during the low temperature period. In addition, it is necessary to prevent high temperature thermal damage and high humidity. It is cloudy in sunny days, and the temperature rises rapidly at 9 ~ 10, which is the key period to prevent high temperature and heat damage. It is necessary to open the shed in time to cool down, the highest temperature should be controlled at 30℃, and the period of 25 ~ 30℃ should be extended. The whole shed should be evenly ventilated, which is conducive to shortening the flowering period and making the growth balanced. At this time, the soil humidity should be kept above 80% and the air humidity should be controlled at 60%. If the temperature and humidity are high, the new shoots will be moldy, the leaves will be large and thin, and the chlorophyll will be reduced.
Before and after flowering (before flowering 1 week), the principle of temperature and humidity management and regulation is to properly raise the temperature during the day to prevent the high temperature above 30℃, promote orderly flowering, and prevent the occurrence of ear stalk brown blight and gray mold caused by excessive humidity in the rainy canopy. The optimum temperature for the flowering of Zuixianxiang grape is 25 ~ 28℃. The high temperature above 30℃ will make the flowers drop, but it is also necessary to avoid the low temperature in the greenhouse. When the temperature is lower than 15℃, the fruit will often become stiff. Therefore, the greenhouse temperature should be adjusted frequently during this period to shorten the flowering period as much as possible. When the fruit is stable and the outside natural temperature is about 25℃, there is no need to close the shed, and the skirt film can be removed in the heat preservation facility cultivation, which becomes a rain-proof facility cultivation.
③ Summer management technology. The main purpose of summer management is to adjust the growth balance between new shoots and fruits, control the load reasonably, improve the quality of fruits, maintain high quality and high yield, and lay a good foundation for next year's production. Specifically, it includes operations such as wiping buds, fixing branches, removing cores, removing tendrils, binding vines, thinning flowers, pruning ears and thinning valleys.
Bud smearing: after the bud eye germinates, it should be carried out in stages and batches according to the size of the bud eye. First, erase the secondary buds of triplet or twin buds, leaving 1 main buds, and then erase the weak and useless light-pointed buds and the improperly planted and dense buds. Wipe once every 3 ~ 5 days.
Bud fixing: when the bud grows to a certain length, it needs to be fixed. Fixed beat is the continuation of wiping bud. When the bud eye grows to 7 ~ 10 cm, the inflorescence has basically appeared, and the new shoots should be fixed immediately so that the spacing between the new shoots is 18 ~ 25 cm. Leave 2000 ~ 2600 new shoots per mu according to the tree potential (leave 8 ~ 1 1 new shoots per meter). The new shoots must be fixed within 20 days after germination, so that nutrients can be concentrated on the effective shoots as soon as possible. Before flowering, the new shoots can grow more than 12 leaves, and the internode thickness of inflorescence can reach more than 1 cm. Cultivating thick branches and leaves is the basis of promoting big fruit, and wiping buds and fixing shoots as soon as possible is the key measure to cultivate strong tree potential.
Sparing flowers: when the inflorescence can be determined, thinning flowers should be carried out, following the principle that weak branches leave no spikes, strong branches leave 1 spike, and strong branches leave 1 ~ 2 spikes. According to the inflorescence size, there are generally 2000 ~ 2500 inflorescences per mu. In order to make the trees grow healthily, this work should be done immediately after the new shoots are fixed. On the premise of ensuring high quality and big grains, the yield per mu can be controlled at 1250 ~ 1500 kg.
Core-pulling: Core-pulling is divided into main tip core-pulling and auxiliary tip core-pulling. Picking is to remove the top of the new shoots that are extending, temporarily inhibit the growth of the top by coring, and force more assimilated nutrients to flow back to the inflorescence, thus promoting the development of flower organs, enhancing the pollination and fertilization ability and improving the seedless effect. The effect of surprise enucleation of drunken Jinxiang grape is the best within 1 ~ 3 days after seeing the flowers. Light mining and long caving should be adopted when coring, and 10 ~ 1 1 leaf should be reserved for coring every new shoot. The leaves below the first tapping opening are particularly large, with high photosynthetic efficiency, which is beneficial to the rapid expansion of fruits. After the main bud is enucleated, the secondary buds germinate one after another. Too many branches and vines not only consume a lot of nutrients, but also disturb the tree shape and affect ventilation and light transmission. Therefore, it is necessary to treat secondary branches regularly. After the secondary bud germinates, leave a secondary bud at the top to prolong its growth and erase other secondary buds. When the length of the elongation branch is more than 2 leaves, leave 1 ~ 2 leaves for coring, and then smooth all the sprouted secondary branches for strong control. At this time, if the tree is vigorous, the existing leaves can meet the needs of supplying plants with nutrients, so reasonable summer pruning plays a key role in high yield of large-grain grapes.
Pruning: Pruning is an important means to improve the grade and quality of grape products, with strict time requirements and large flowers. Pruning is the premise of thinning fruit. Pruning irregular inflorescences and oversized inflorescences at one time provides convenience for the next fruit thinning work and is also an important measure to improve the commercialization of grapes. Throughout the whole ear, the size of each ear is uniform. The whole flowering time is controlled before flowering 1 week to the end of early flowering. If the time is too early, it is difficult to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of ear shape, if the time is too late, it will affect the effect. The method of pruning the ear is to remove the secondary ear first, then remove 1 ~ 5 long spikelets at the base of the ear axis according to the ear size, and then pinch off about 1/5 at the tip of the ear (the ear is small and not treated) to keep each ear 8 ~ 10 cm long and uniform in size, and remove long branches and over-dense buds at the same time. After flower withering and seedless agent treatment, when the ear can initially show fruit grains, the ear is pruned for the second time, so that the prominent fruit grains become thinner, and the ear remains cylindrical, and the size of each ear is uniform, and the distribution and arrangement of fruit grains are neat and uniform. Heading before flowering is one of the most critical and effective technical measures to produce high-quality grapes, which must be completed on time.
Fruit thinning: 3 days after flowering and fruit setting, when the size of young fruit is clear, fruit thinning will be carried out immediately. The time of fruit thinning is closely related to the size of fruit development. Fruit thinning can be done twice. For the first time, it is best to remove the dull fruit particles unexpectedly three days after the flowers wither. The second time is usually carried out when the soybeans are big, and the thin, deformed and dense fruits are thinned to make the soybeans uniform in size and bright green in color. At this time, the soybean-sized fruits are neatly arranged on the ear of 14 cm long and 7 cm wide, with 70-80 grains left per ear. After ripening, the ear weight can basically reach 800-1000g.
④ Scientific fertilization
Base fertilizer: in autumn, organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, which generally accounts for about 70% of the annual fertilizer consumption, and 3.5 ~ 5m3 of decomposed organic fertilizer, 50 ~ 70kg of calcium superphosphate, 0/5 ~ 20kg of high-quality ternary compound fertilizer, 2 ~ 3kg of borax and 0/0kg of calcium fertilizer are applied per mu. Deep furrow application has the best effect, and furrows are alternately opened on the left and right sides of the plant every year.
Germination accelerating fertilizer: apply it 20 days before germination, and apply urea 10 kg and ternary compound fertilizer 20 kg per mu to promote the continuous differentiation of grape flower buds. Be sure to water after fertilization.
Topdressing: it is the supplement of germination fertilizer, and the best fertilization time is 5 ~ 6 leaves 20 days after germination. Generally, ternary compound fertilizer 10 kg and urea 5 kg are applied per mu to make new shoots grow rapidly.
Fruit swelling fertilizer: 7 ~ 10 days after flowering, 35 ~ 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 0/5 kg of urea/kloc-0 were applied per mu, which mainly promoted the rapid fruit swelling. In order to avoid the damage of fertilizer to the root system, this fertilization can be carried out twice, and the effect of flushing application is better.
Coloring fertilizer: applied at the initial stage of fruit softening and coloring, 30-40 days before fruit harvesting, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Generally, the application of 25-30 kg of potassium sulfate and 0/5 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc-per mu has obvious effects on improving the sugar content of fruits and promoting the maturity of new shoots.
When applying topdressing, it is best to open shallow ditches on both sides. After the fertilizer is fully dissolved, the application effect is better, the utilization rate is high, and the roots are not easily damaged. At the same time, the amount of topdressing during the growth period should not exceed 40 kg per mu, so as not to hurt the roots.
Topdressing outside the roots: trace element fertilizer, boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, etc. Because foliar fertilizer can obviously improve disease resistance, increase photosynthetic efficiency, thicken leaves, increase chlorophyll content and prolong leaf life.
⑤ Pest control. The occurrence of pests and diseases of Zuixianxiang grape is obviously lighter than that in the open field after being cultivated in rain shelter facilities. The main diseases are gray mold, white rot, ear blight, downy mildew, rust, etc. The main pests are moths and moths. As long as we grasp the three main periods of overwintering, early spring and May-July growth peak, pest control can generally control the occurrence of pests and diseases well.
Prevention and control of overwintering: On the basis of cleaning up litter and pruning in the winter of June 5438+February, spray 3 ~ 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixed solution in an all-round way, and before germination in February, spray 3 degrees lime-sulfur mixed solution in an all-round way to eradicate the source of overwintering diseases and pests.
Prevention and control in early spring: When the new shoots spread for 2 leaves, the main prevention and control measures are overwintering diseases and scale insects, and 50% carbendazim and zineb whole plant are sprayed. When the new shoot grows to 8 leaves, it mainly controls the ear stalk brown blight, black pox and gray mold. Pesticides can be 50% thiophanate-methyl 800 times, 10% sego 1500 times, 50% procymidone 1500 times and procymidone 1500 times.
Control from May to July: mainly control white rot, powdery mildew, downy mildew and moths. According to the occurrence situation, one or more of Baifujing 1500 times solution, Nongfengling, Baifuling, 72% Tobankelu, imidacloprid and acetamiprid can be used for prevention and control.