Pear originated in China and is one of the main fruit trees in China. In addition to raw food, it can also be processed into canned food, pear wine, dried pears and preserved pears, which are deeply loved by the masses. Pear trees bear fruit early, usually put into production in 2-3 years, and can enter the full fruit period in 6-7 years. They are adaptable, easy to cultivate, and can be planted in mountains, fields and beaches, with good productivity and basically no annual phenomenon. The yield per mu can be more than 2,000 kg in the full fruit period, and the life span is 20-30 years, and the longest is 80- 10. 1. Introduction of fine varieties (variety introduction is for reference only) (1) Fortunately, it is produced in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It's a cross between chrysanthemum water and Zaozang, and the tree is strong and half-open. The fruit is oblate, with an average single fruit weight of 200-250g. The pericarp is yellowish brown and uniform. The pulp is white, thin and crisp, and the juice is sweet, containing 65,438+02% soluble solids. Excellent quality, mature in the middle and late August, high and stable yield, resistance to scab and black spot, and high treatment requirements. (2) Feng Shui: Japanese variety, which was bred by crossing n- 14 (Chrysanthemum× Yakumo )× Yakumo. Strong trees, open posture, strong branches and drooping branches. Axillary buds and short fruit branches are easy to form and have high yield. The fruit is round, with 3-4 furrows, with an average single fruit weight of about 250g. The peel is rusty brown, reddish brown on the sunny side, with rough surface, large pit, yellow-white flesh, crispy meat, sweet juice, soluble solids 12- 13%, good quality, and resistance to scab and black spot, in mid-August. (3) Building water: 1970 The Japanese fruit tree experimental field was selected from the descendants of Feng Shui and Ba Xing and named after 1988. The fruit is round and tidy, with an average single fruit weight of about 250g, slightly convex shoulders, calyx ridge, and yellow-green to light brown peel. The flesh is white, the stone is small, the meat is crisp, the sweet juice is rich, the stone cells are few, the quality is excellent, the tree has medium potential, strong branches, early fruit, high and stable yield, and it can attract wealth and pollinate with abundant water, and it will mature in late July. (4) New high: Japanese varieties. The average weight of a single fruit is 350-400g, and the fruit is large, nearly round, with yellowish brown skin, crisp meat, sweet flavor, rich juice and good quality. It ripens in the first half of September, with strong storability, early fruiting, high yield, disease resistance and strong adaptability. (5) Cuiguan (original code 8-2): It was bred by crossing Xingshui× 6 (Hangqing× New Century). The tree is stout, upright, easy to form flower buds, good in fruiting and high in yield. The fruit is round and neat, with an average weight of 250g for single fruit and 650g for large fruit. The skin is dark green with rust spots, the flesh is white, the meat is crisp, similar to Xingshui, the stone is small, juicy, sweet, and contains soluble solids 12- 13%. The flavor and quality are better than Xingshui. Mature at the end of July and early August, resistant to storage and transportation. (6) Aroma type: it is bred by crossing New Century× Sanhua pear, and its main characteristics are moderate tree vigor, relatively open tree posture, tender shoots, reddish brown mature branches and small flower buds, leaf buds and leaves. The fruit is oblong and large, with an average single fruit weight of 280g and large fruit weight of 950 g. The peel is brown and smooth, the pulp is white, the pulp is slightly dense and the juice is sweet, and the soluble solid content is 13- 15%. The core of the fruit is very small, like a small walnut, and the edible rate is as high as 93%. Mid-August is suitable for storage and transportation. 2. Cultivation techniques 1, establishment of pear orchards No matter flat land, hills, mountains or river beaches, pear orchards can be developed, but traffic conditions and conditions conducive to irrigation should be considered. After the orchard address is selected, the orchard should be divided into several communities according to the topography, topography, roads, channels, shelterbelts, etc., with a range of 30- 150 mu. On the hilly slope, the long side of the community should be parallel to the isobar as much as possible, which is beneficial to soil and water conservation and easy to handle. Pear trees can be planted from defoliation to germination, and the planting density should be determined according to different topography and plots. For early high yield, it is best to use planned close planting. At present, the plant spacing is 2×3 meters or 2.5×4 meters. Planting techniques: a, digging holes at fixed points according to plant spacing, generally sandy soil, with a width of 80cm and a depth of 50-60 cm; The rice cellar is 80 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep. First put straw, branches or green manure branches, poles, etc. About 30-40cm, and tighten the topsoil, then apply 50-80 kg of organic fertilizer (pig and cow dung) or chaff chicken manure (20 kg) or pure chicken manure (10 kg) for decomposition, and add calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1-2. B. Before planting, the thick roots of pear seedlings should be cut off and planted for 2-3cm to promote the occurrence of new roots, and the film at the grafting place should be removed to avoid affecting the growth of the main stem. C. When planting, the joint should be 5- 10cm above the ground, the rhizosphere soil should be stable, and water should be poured immediately. In the tuyere area, it is necessary to set up pillars to prevent lodging. 2. Soil improvement, fertilization, deep ploughing and ripening are the basic methods of pear yield-increasing technology. In order to increase the yield, high yield and high quality of fruit trees, soil must be improved. Deep tillage and soil improvement are generally carried out after fruit harvesting in autumn and before defoliation in winter. Methods include reaming, deep ploughing in the whole garden, staggered or deep ploughing among plants. Generally, the depth of deep tillage is 30-40cm, and it can be carried out every other year if conditions permit. 1, 3, and 5 years, deep furrows with a depth of 2.5 feet and a width of 1.5 feet were dug on both sides of the original cave, and deep furrows were dug on the other side in 2, 4, and 6 years, with the application of base fertilizer. According to the standard of applying base fertilizer, generally 100Kg pear fruit needs at least 100Kg organic fertilizer (pig and sheep manure) and 2.25Kg phosphate fertilizer, which is beneficial to improve yield and quality. In addition to base fertilizer, topdressing should also be done at the right time during the growth period. Generally, it needs topdressing for three times. After the first flowering, it will promote the growth of branches and leaves, flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion in the middle and late April. The second fruit expansion period is from mid-May to early June. The third fertilization after harvest, from late August to mid-September, can increase leaf color, prolong leaf life and restore tree vigor. Topdressing outside roots can be combined with spraying appropriate amount of fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the usual concentration is 0.3-0.5% of urea (0.2-0.3% at high temperature), 0.5% of calcium superphosphate, 0.3- 1% of potassium sulfate and 0.2-0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, which decomposes 5-65438+ of human urine. 3. Pears equipped with pollination trees and three thinning techniques are cross-pollinated varieties, and most of them are not self-pollinated, so pollinated varieties basically meet at flowering stage. The ratio of main cultivated varieties to pollinated varieties is preferably 2: 1 or 1: 1, and at least 3: 1 or 4: 1 can achieve high yield. Japanese pears (lucky water, abundant water and built water) can be pollinated with Cuiguan, Qing Xiang and Cuiqing. Three-thinning technology is a correct way to master the period and method of thinning flower buds, buds and fruits. A. flower bud thinning: combined with winter pruning, excessive flower buds are thinned. In winter, flower buds should be sparse in proportion. In principle, it's a flower bud: leaf bud = 1: 1, which is about half of the flower amount of the whole tree. But pay attention to the number of flower buds formed by pear trees that year. In production practice, it is advisable to leave a flower bud every 5-6 inches for the backbone branches. Note that only the flower buds are sparse and the leaf buds remain. B. Bud thinning: If flower bud thinning is not carried out in winter pruning, it can be remedied before flowering. Generally, according to the thinning standard of 20cm, leave 1 bud. Bud thinning principle: sparse weak and strong, sparse small and large, sparse and dense, sparse axillary buds and top flower buds, sparse lower flower buds, sparse buds that germinate too late, sparse secondary buds, decide how much to remove, and keep abreast of the weather forecast. C. fruit thinning: it depends on the variety, tree potential, flowering period and climate. Young trees and flourishing trees with large flowers and weak trees should be thinned early, while young trees with small flowers should be thinned late or less. In normal years, the weather should be sparse early, otherwise it will be sparse late. Principle: Each fruit should have 25-30 leaves. In normal years, one fruit can be left in one fruit table, and 1-2 fruits can be left in one fruit table for varieties with medium fruit shape. 4. Pruning pear trees. According to different varieties and different site conditions, it is more advantageous to mainly adopt a variety of tree shapes such as sparse layer shape, multi-dry open shape and multi-dry round head shape. Pruning young pear trees should be less sparse and more paved, and attention should be paid to cultivating fruiting branches for the first fruiting tree. The length of the extension branch of the main side branch is shortened year by year. After a large number of pear trees bear fruit, the backbone branches are prone to droop, so the angle of extension branches should be improved. If the lumen is too dense, the dense auxiliary branches should be thinned or cut short. If there are too many fruits and the branches droop, you can erect a bamboo pole in the middle of the crown and hang the drooping branches evenly around. Third, pest control (1) scab disease: mainly occurs in sepals, fruits, leaves, petioles, new shoots and buds. Symptoms: early yellowish round spots, late black mold. Leaves mostly occur on the back of leaves, and diseases occur along the veins, causing early defoliation in severe cases. Fruits mostly occur in the young fruit period, and the growth of the damaged young fruits stops, and gradually become corked and cracked, which causes the deformity of young fruits, which is the most serious in the rainy season (April-May). Control methods: A. Eliminate overwintering bacteria. In winter, defoliation, fruit dropping, pruning, peeling and centralized burning are removed. B. chemical control. Spraying Bomei 5-degree sulfur mixture before germination, spraying 500 times of 25% carbendazim wettable powder when 3/4 flowers wither, and spraying 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or other disease prevention agents 1 time during the new bud growth period in mid-May and the fruit growth period in mid-June. (2) Pear rust: It mainly harms leaves, new shoots and young fruits. Needle-shaped yellow spots first appeared on the leaves, and gradually expanded into orange-yellow circular spots. In the later stage, the leaves are purple-red, concave and convex, and a cluster of grayish yellow hairs grow. The symptoms on the fruit are the same as those on the leaves. The disease occurs once a year on fruit trees, and the peak period is from mid-April to early May. Prevention and control methods: it is best not to have cypress trees such as pine and cypress within a.5km.. B. Spray 1: 2: 200 times Bordeaux solution (copper sulfate: quicklime: water) before flowering, and spray 15% triadimefon wettable powder or 40% Fu Ling 1000 times solution after flowering for 2-3 times in a row. (3) Pear moth: it harms the shoots and fruits of peaches and pears. It occurs five generations a year, and the young fruit is from the top of the fruit and near the depression of the calyx until the core is eaten. There is insect dung in the pulp, which is dry and rotten around. The first generation is in April-May, which mainly harms the tender shoots of peaches, and then it happens once a month, which mainly harms pears, and it harms pear peaks from August to September. Prevention and control methods: In orchards with peach and pear cultivation, spray chemicals on peach trees in the first half of April and the first half of May. In the middle and late June and mid-July, all generations of larvae were sprayed on pear trees for shielding. The medicine can be 40% omethoate or 20% fenvalerate, 20% hypertonic monocrotophos 800- 1000 times, or 5% fenvalerate and 20% fenvalerate 4000-5000 times, and the effect is good. (4) pear aphid: it harms leaves. The damaged leaves roll into a tube, which is the most serious in April-May, and propagate in weeds after the end of May. In June+10, 5438, winged aphids flew to mulberry trees to do harm, and wintered in the bud crack of pear trees in winter, which occurred for more than 20 generations a year. Control method: Pay attention to the control of pear trees after flowering, and use 40% omethoate 1000 times liquid or 1500 times net wettable powder once. Fourthly, timely harvesting is an important link to improve pear fruit quality. The peel of Huangpi pear should change from dark brown to light yellow brown, and the peel of Qingpi pear should change from dark green to light green or light yellow. The meat quality should change from rough to crisp, from sour to sweet, and the seeds should change from white to light brown, which can be used as the standard for starting harvesting. The harvest should be carried out in stages. First of all, we should harvest big fruits. After 7- 10 days, small fruits will gradually increase and then be harvested. When picking, handle with care, don't pull and fold hard, which will lose the goods. At the same time, we should do a good job in protecting leaves and branches.