Serum protein is the most abundant protein in plasma. Each protein molecule can carry seven fatty acid molecules. These fatty acid molecules are bound in the crevices of protein, and their carbon-rich tails are buried inside to safely avoid the surrounding water molecules. Serum proteins can also carry many other water-insoluble molecules. Especially serum protein, can carry many drug molecules, such as ibuprofen.
Because serum protein is ubiquitous in blood and easy to purify, it has become one of the earliest protein studied by scientists. Today, when a protein is needed, a similar protein from cattle is widely used in research. This protein is called bovine serum albumin or BSA. Many enzymes are unstable in dilute solution, and the solution is to add some bovine serum albumin. It can make the enzyme stable and relatively neutral without affecting the properties of the enzyme.
Question 2: What is glycosylated serum protein? Serum protein is the main component in blood. Because blood sugar is higher than the normal level for a long time, serum protein and glucose combine to form glycosylated serum protein, which further affects the normal function of serum protein and is one of the causes of diabetic complications. Glycosylated serum protein can also be used as the main index to detect blood sugar level in stages.
Question 3: What is serum? After blood coagulation, the light yellow transparent liquid separated from fibrin is removed from plasma, especially the immune serum (antibiotic serum) containing specific immunogens (such as antitoxin or lectin).
Plasma from which fibrin has been removed (as by hemagglutination or defibrination)
Light yellow transparent liquid precipitated after blood coagulation. If blood is drawn from blood vessels and put into a test tube without anticoagulant, the coagulation reaction is activated and the blood quickly coagulates to form jelly. Blood clots contract, and the surrounding light yellow transparent liquid is serum, which can also be obtained by centrifugation after coagulation. In the process of coagulation, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin block, so there is no fibrinogen in serum, which is the biggest difference from plasma. In the coagulation reaction, platelets release many substances, and all coagulation factors have also changed. These components remain in the serum and continue to change, such as prothrombin becoming thrombin, and gradually decrease or even disappear with the storage time of the serum. These are also differences from plasma. However, a large number of substances not involved in coagulation reaction are basically the same as plasma. In order to avoid the interference of anticoagulants, many chemical components in blood are analyzed with serum as samples. (The picture on the right shows serum protein)
Function:
● Provide basic nutrients: amino acids, vitamins, inorganic substances, lipid substances, nucleic acid derivatives, etc. , is an essential substance for cell growth.
● Provide hormones and various growth factors: insulin, adrenocortical hormones (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone), steroid hormones (estradiol, testosterone, progesterone), etc. Growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet growth factor.
● Provide binding protein: The role of binding protein is to carry important low molecular weight substances, such as albumin carrying vitamins, fats and hormones, and transferrin carrying iron. Binding proteins play an important role in cell metabolism.
Provide contact promotion and stretching factors to prevent cell adhesion from mechanical damage.
● It has a certain protective effect on cells in culture: some cells, such as endothelial cells and bone marrow-like cells, can release protease, and the serum contains anti-protease components, which play a neutralizing role. This effect was discovered by accident, and now serum is purposefully used to stop the digestion of trypsin. Because trypsin has been widely used in the digestion and passage of adherent cells. Serum protein forms the viscosity of serum, which can protect cells from mechanical damage, especially in suspension culture and stirring, and viscosity plays an important role. Serum also contains some trace elements and ions, which play an important role in metabolism and detoxification, such as SeO3 and selenium.
Question 4: What are the four serum items? Four tests are the important basis for judging patients' liver fibrosis. According to the index of serum liver fibrosis, if it exceeds the normal value, liver fibrosis should be considered. However, serological indicators do not completely correspond to the pathological changes of liver fibrosis, and their values cannot fully represent the degree of fibrosis.
What are the four tests of liver fibrosis? Many friends of patients with liver disease will encounter this test item when they have related tests in the hospital, but they don't know what the four tests of liver fibrosis are. Let's listen to the four tests of liver fibrosis introduced by experts in detail and their significance:
1.Ⅳ-c (type Ⅳ collagen): it is the main component of basement membrane, reflecting the renewal speed of basement membrane collagen, and the increase of its content can more sensitively reflect the progress of liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis is one of the early signs of hepatic fibrosis. The normal range is 30- 140ng/mL.
2. PC ⅲ (type ⅲ procollagen): It reflects the synthesis of type ⅲ collagen in the liver, and the serum content is consistent with the degree of liver fibrosis, which is significantly related to the serum gamma globulin level. Pciii is closely related to the activity degree of liver fibrosis, but it is not specific. In addition, when organ fibrosis occurs, pciii will also increase. The continuous increase of pciii in chronic active liver suggests that the condition may deteriorate and develop into cirrhosis, while the decrease of pciii to normal can predict the remission of the condition, which indicates that pciii is not only valuable for the early diagnosis of liver fibrosis, but also of great significance for the prognosis of chronic liver disease. Normal value Question 5: What is donkey serum protein? _? Normal serum is used to describe the serum from animals that have not been immunized with specific antigens to produce antibodies. Donkey serum products can be used in most immunological experiments and can be used as sealing solution or blank control. You can ask Yuan Mu for details. Yuan Mu should have a detailed explanation.
Question 6: What is serum protein? Serum protein (protein number 1E7i) is the carrier of fatty acids in blood. Fatty acids are very important to the body, and there are two aspects: they are the components that build lipids, which constitute all biomembranes around and within cells; They are inexhaustible sources of energy. Our body has a fatty acid warehouse-fat. When the body needs energy or building materials, fat cells release fatty acids into the blood, and fatty acids are obtained from serum proteins and transported to the needed parts.
Serum protein is the most abundant protein in plasma. Each protein molecule can carry seven fatty acid molecules. These fatty acid molecules are bound in the crevices of protein, and their carbon-rich tails are buried inside to safely avoid the surrounding water molecules. Serum proteins can also carry many other water-insoluble molecules. Especially serum protein, can carry many drug molecules, such as ibuprofen.
Because serum protein is ubiquitous in blood and easy to purify, it has become one of the earliest protein studied by scientists. Today, when a protein is needed, a similar protein from cattle is widely used in research. This protein is called bovine serum albumin or BSA. Many enzymes are unstable in dilute solution, and the solution is to add some bovine serum albumin. It can make the enzyme stable and relatively neutral without affecting the properties of the enzyme.
Question 7: What is glycosylated serum protein? Serum protein is the main component in blood. Because blood sugar is higher than the normal level for a long time, serum protein and glucose combine to form glycosylated serum protein, which further affects the normal function of serum protein and is one of the causes of diabetic complications. Glycosylated serum protein can also be used as the main index to detect blood sugar level in stages.
Question 8: What is serum? After blood coagulation, the light yellow transparent liquid separated from fibrin is removed from plasma, especially the immune serum (antibiotic serum) containing specific immunogens (such as antitoxin or lectin).
Plasma from which fibrin has been removed (as by hemagglutination or defibrination)
Light yellow transparent liquid precipitated after blood coagulation. If blood is drawn from blood vessels and put into a test tube without anticoagulant, the coagulation reaction is activated and the blood quickly coagulates to form jelly. Blood clots contract, and the surrounding light yellow transparent liquid is serum, which can also be obtained by centrifugation after coagulation. In the process of coagulation, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin block, so there is no fibrinogen in serum, which is the biggest difference from plasma. In the coagulation reaction, platelets release many substances, and all coagulation factors have also changed. These components remain in the serum and continue to change, such as prothrombin becoming thrombin, and gradually decrease or even disappear with the storage time of the serum. These are also differences from plasma. However, a large number of substances not involved in coagulation reaction are basically the same as plasma. In order to avoid the interference of anticoagulants, many chemical components in blood are analyzed with serum as samples. (The picture on the right shows serum protein)
Function:
● Provide basic nutrients: amino acids, vitamins, inorganic substances, lipid substances, nucleic acid derivatives, etc. , is an essential substance for cell growth.
● Provide hormones and various growth factors: insulin, adrenocortical hormones (hydrocortisone, dexamethasone), steroid hormones (estradiol, testosterone, progesterone), etc. Growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and platelet growth factor.
● Provide binding protein: The role of binding protein is to carry important low molecular weight substances, such as albumin carrying vitamins, fats and hormones, and transferrin carrying iron. Binding proteins play an important role in cell metabolism.
Provide contact promotion and stretching factors to prevent cell adhesion from mechanical damage.
● It has a certain protective effect on cells in culture: some cells, such as endothelial cells and bone marrow-like cells, can release protease, and the serum contains anti-protease components, which play a neutralizing role. This effect was discovered by accident, and now serum is purposefully used to stop the digestion of trypsin. Because trypsin has been widely used in the digestion and passage of adherent cells. Serum protein forms the viscosity of serum, which can protect cells from mechanical damage, especially in suspension culture and stirring, and viscosity plays an important role. Serum also contains some trace elements and ions, which play an important role in metabolism and detoxification, such as SeO3 and selenium.
Question 9: What is donkey serum protein? _? Normal serum is used to describe the serum from animals that have not been immunized with specific antigens to produce antibodies. Donkey serum products can be used in most immunological experiments and can be used as sealing solution or blank control. You can ask Yuan Mu for details. Yuan Mu should have a detailed explanation.
Question 10: What is the clinical significance of serum protein electrophoresis? Serum protein electrophoresis is to determine the percentage of various proteins in serum to total proteins by electrophoresis. This is of great significance for the diagnosis of liver and kidney diseases and multiple myeloma. Serum protein electrophoresis-clinical significance 1. Myeloma: Showing a specific electrophoresis pattern, there is a peak in γ globulin region (individual β protein region), which is called M protein.
2. Kidney disease:
Nephrotic syndrome (1): There is a specific electrophoresis pattern, in which T globulin is obviously increased, P globulin is slightly increased, albumin is decreased, and γ globulin may be decreased;
(2) Nephritis: In acute nephritis, α2 globulin can be increased, and sometimes γ globulin is slightly increased; Chronic nephritis often shows moderate increase of γ globulin.
3. Liver disease:
(1) Cirrhosis: There is a typical protein electrophoresis pattern, in which γ globulin increases obviously, γ globulin and β globulin are not easy to separate, and albumin decreases;
(2) Acute liver necrosis: albumin decreased significantly and globulin increased significantly;
(3) Serum albumin in patients with infectious hepatitis decreased slightly, and α2 globulin increased with the increase of γ globulin;
4. Inflammation and infection: At the early stage of acute infection, α 1 or α2 globulin increased; In the late stage of chronic inflammation or infection, gamma globulin increases.
5. Hypogammaglobulinemia or non-gammaglobulinemia: Extreme decrease or lack of serum gammaglobulin. Take venous blood on an empty stomach 12 hours.