Cultivation techniques of 1 jujube.
1. 1 Selection of jujube seedlings
When selecting Ziziphus jujuba seedlings, we should choose seedlings that are robust, free from pests and diseases, and have complete roots. Reject unqualified weak seedlings, injured seedlings, long seedlings, etc. And transplanting rice. Under similar site conditions, cultivation techniques and management levels, the quality of jujube seedlings has a great influence on its survival rate and growth and development. The quality of seedlings is poor, the survival rate of planting is low, and the seedlings grow weakly and develop slowly after survival. The survival rate of big seedlings is higher than that of small seedlings, so try to choose jujube seedlings for planting.
1.2 pretreatment
Water jujube trees before leaving the nursery to make them full of water, which can avoid the phenomenon of pulling roots when digging seedlings. When digging seedlings, take as many hairy roots as possible to reduce root damage and ensure the integrity of seedling roots. Before transplanting jujube seedlings, the secondary branches should be cut off, otherwise the planted trees will easily lose water due to the large evaporation on the ground, which will affect the survival rate. In conditional areas, soaking the roots of seedlings with 50 ~ 100 mg/kg ABT rooting powder aqueous solution before planting can significantly improve the survival rate of seedlings. Before planting, root system should also be repaired, dry, damaged and weak roots should be cut off, and the incision should be smooth to facilitate wound healing.
1.3 planting
Jujube trees should be planted after soil thawing in spring and before seedling germination, and before soil freezing after defoliation in autumn. When digging a pit, the topsoil and subsoil should be stacked separately, and decomposed organic fertilizer 10kg and calcium superphosphate 0.5kg should be applied to each pit. When planting, the root system of seedlings should be stretched and straight, and the root system should be closely combined with the soil according to the steps of "three burying, two steps and one seedling raising". The buried depth is about 5 cm higher than the original part of the seedling. After planting and watering, the soil sank slightly, and the buried depth was basically the same as the original position of the seedlings.
2 Pruning technology
2. 1 fixed drying
In the year of planting jujube trees, cut the trunk short to cultivate strong backbone branches. Fixed stem shaping should be carried out before germination in early spring, and the height of fixed stem is generally 50cm. After the stem is fixed, the first secondary branch under the incision should be cut off from the base, and the jujube head on the main stem should be cultivated into the central main branch. Then, three secondary branches are selected, and one section is reserved for heavy and short cutting to promote the germination of jujube heads and cultivate the first layer of main branches. Cut off all branches below the main branch of the first layer to save nutrients and accelerate the growth and development of the tree. For jujube varieties with high germination rate and strong branching, the method of planting and fixing stem in the same year is often used. For varieties with low germination rate of main buds and weak branching ability, the stems were not dried in that year until the thickness of the stems reached more than 2cm.
2.2 Carve the wound
Before the jujube tree germinates in March, after the secondary branches are removed from the lateral main buds of the main branches or perennial branches, a crescent-shaped wound with a length of 1cm and a width of 1 ~ 2 mm is carved with a saw blade, reaching the xylem of the branches to promote the germination and branching of the main buds. By carving the trunk or lateral branches, the bearing branches are cultivated directionally, so that the whole branches of the tree are evenly distributed, the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved, the reasonable tree structure is cultivated, the economic life is prolonged, the yield is increased, and the economic benefits are improved.
2.3 Wipe the bud
From April to May, the useless young main buds germinated on the main branches and branches at all levels were erased from the base, which reduced the unnecessary nutrient consumption of the tree and was conducive to maintaining a reasonable tree structure. When wiping buds, master the principles of wiping weak buds, leaving strong buds, wiping inner buds and leaving outer buds. First, the buds with many buds and inappropriate positions are erased to save nutrition and promote the healthy growth of new buds; Second, if the main buds germinated due to pit removal are not erased in time, it will easily lead to crown shedding, resulting in falling flowers and fruits, reducing fruit yield and quality.
2.4 coring
From June to July, when the new jujube head of jujube tree has not been lignified, the vegetative growth of branches is controlled by coring, which is beneficial to cultivate strong branches and jujube fruit in that year. The picking of jujube trees can be divided into jujube head, secondary branch and lignified jujube hanging. Picking the head and core of jujube refers to reducing the main buds at the top of jujube head, removing the advantages at the top, reducing the consumption of nutrients by branches and leaves, alleviating the competition for nutrients by growth results, promoting the growth of secondary branches and jujube hangers at the lower part, accelerating the differentiation and formation of flower buds, and promoting flowering and fruit setting in the same year. The second branch coring is not limited by time, and the earlier coring, the more obvious the promotion effect on the growth, flowering and fruit setting of hanging jujube. The branches of lignified jujube cranes grow vigorously, and coring in time after flowering and fruit setting can promote the growth and development of other jujube cranes.
2.5 Take a branch
Branches are usually picked from June to July. In the growing season, hold the first and second branches of the annual jujube tree with your hands and gently press them down a few times to make the branches grow horizontally instead of vertically, which is beneficial to flowering and fruit setting. If the branch is too tender, it will break easily when held; If the branches are completely lignified, they are not easy to hold.
3 Soil, fertilizer and water management technology
3. 1 irrigation
The first irrigation should be carried out immediately after planting jujube trees. The second irrigation 7 ~ 10 days after planting also plays a key role in the survival rate of seedlings. After planting and watering jujube trees, when the soil is slightly dry, loosen the soil in time, level the tree tray and cover it with plastic film. Irrigation for the third time in late May, then stopping water supply and watering winter water again before the fallen leaves freeze can ensure the survival rate of transplanting above 95%.
3.2 Topdressing
In order to promote the growth of plants, combined with irrigation, 50g of compound fertilizer and manure 1kg were applied to each plant, and a small pit was dug at the left and right sides of the plant, and urea and fart fertilizer were mixed. Spraying 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer in July makes the foliar nutrition sufficient, and photosynthesis produces more organic matter, which is beneficial to the growth and development of trees.
3.3 intertillage weeding and plastic film mulching
After irrigation, intertillage should be carried out to ensure that soil moisture is not lost. First of all, we should manually remove weeds from rows of plants to achieve rows of weeds. After intertillage, plastic film mulching should be done in time to preserve moisture, and black plastic film should be used for ridge and furrow mulching. When laying the film, use soil to compact both sides of the film to prevent air leakage. Irrigation after film mulching can keep soil moisture.
4 pest control technology
4. 1 control principle
First, give priority to prevention and comprehensive prevention and control. Based on the characteristics of jujube production and the concept of ecosystem, we should not only pay attention to the current control effect, but also consider the characteristics of continuous production for many years, while protecting beneficial organisms and reducing negative effects. Second, both prevention and treatment are equally important. In different regions and different growth stages of jujube trees, it is necessary to seize the main pests and diseases, concentrate on solving the pests and diseases that are most harmful to production, and take into account the prevention and control of secondary pests and diseases. Third, group prevention and treatment, pay attention to individual plants. It mainly controls the occurrence and harm of group diseases and insect pests, and individual plant diseases are often the basis and precursor of group diseases, so countermeasures should be taken in advance.
4.2 Prevention and control technology
First, strengthen the quarantine of seedling diseases and pests, which is an important way to prevent the spread of jujube witches' broom, jujube mealybug and other diseases and pests; Second, make full use of comprehensive agricultural control technology, cultivate and utilize insect-resistant varieties, do a good job in jujube orchard hygiene, promptly remove pests and diseases, and destroy breeding and wintering places of pests and diseases; Third, using light, temperature, radiation and other physical factors and simple instruments to control jujube pests and diseases, this method is pollution-free and does not destroy the ecological balance; Fourthly, popularizing biological control technology and using beneficial organisms and their metabolites to control pests and diseases are characterized by pollution-free and sustainable development; Fifth, scientific use of chemical agents to prevent and control, ensure the quality of application, and prevent drug resistance.
4.3 Specific prevention and control methods
After planting jujube trees, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests such as stinkbug, jujube gall midge, red spider and leaf rust. Jujube gall midge and jujube gall midge were mainly controlled before and after germination and after harvest, and emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam were sprayed. In order to control the red spider, the middle part of the trunk was coated with a layer of sticky glue and a closed rubber ring with a width of 2 cm. If the insect population density is high, it can be applied 1 time after 40 days, which can prevent the red spider from transferring the damage to the tree. The prevention and control of leaf rust, generally before the rainy season, spray 1: 2: 200 times the amount of Bordeaux solution, and then spray 20% triadimefon 2000 times a month later.
5 wintering and cold-proof technology
5. 1 ridging for cold protection
A soil platform should be built on the north side of the base of the tree to protect the roots of the plants, which will not only help the trees resist the cold, but also reduce the evaporation of water.
5.2 pour antifreeze
Before the severe winter comes, pour 1 times antifreeze water. The watering time should be after defoliation and before freezing. If it can't be done in time, the watering period can be postponed, but it is not advisable to pour antifreeze when the temperature is below zero.
5.3 suitcase cold protection
Scrape off the rough skin, old skin and warped skin on the trunk, trim the cracked part of the tree, coat the trunk with white agent and bind the crop straw, which can not only prevent sunburn and pest control, but also prevent rabbits from biting the bark and help the tree to survive the winter safely.