Basic knowledge of poetry - Plastic Surgery and Aesthetics Network

Basic knowledge of poetry

1. Knowledge and stories about poetry

(1) The Origin of Poetry Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. It originated from ancient people's labor songs and folk songs, and was originally a general term for poetry and songs. At first, poetry and song were not separated, but combined with music and dance, collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu, and the works of countless poets. Poetry in western Europe. Poets such as Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece, Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome opened the source of creation. (2) The characteristics of poetry Poetry is a literary genre that highly reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. The language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious phonology and musical beauty. Sentences are generally arranged in branches. Pay attention to the beauty of structure and form. He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is the literary style that most strongly reflects social life. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, and it is often expressed in a direct lyrical way. Moreover, its language is different from prose in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinct rhythm. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: First, it is highly concentrated. The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty. (3) There are many ways to express poetry. The traditional expression of poetry, which was first popular in China and has been used ever since, is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is fu." This kind of "Fu, Bi and Xing" is the expression in poetry. Fu is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of The Book of Songs: "The doer should tell the truth about Chen Qi's affairs." For example, Ge Tan and Fei Du in The Book of Songs used this technique. Write attached things, and threaten to break things. Zhu said, "If you compare, you can use this to compare things." For example, the Book of Songs, such as Cats and Storytelling, is written in this way. Xing: It is a way to support things, that is, to write out what you want to describe and express your thoughts and feelings through the beginning of things. In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Zhu pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, talk about something else first to arouse the words you recite." For example, Guan Ju and Yao Tao in The Book of Songs used the expression of "interest". These three expressions have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties. Exaggeration, repetition, overlapping, jumping, etc. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is another important expression, symbol, which is simply "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. There are three main types: 1. Analogy. In his book Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said that Bixing means "either Bixing speaks with sound, or Fang looks with appearance, or imitates the heart, or Bixing is useless." There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a common method of analogy, that is, "personification": imitating things. /I waved gently,/bid farewell to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /colorful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. I regard "Cloud" and "Golden Willow" as people. For example, "Because of the Wind" of love: ... my heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/a little ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light up one. In the final analysis, the essence is personalization. 2. Exaggeration is to enlarge what you want to describe, just like "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in movies, so as to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it's not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), "It's doubtful that the Milky Way has set for nine days" (Looking at Lushan Mountain) vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's * * *, which is not only acceptable to readers, but also convincing and surprising. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and aesthetic, not too absurd, not too real, and not too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the harvest of cotton: "The head of a cotton bag/truck is stuck/stuck, three feet high/seems to be the same." It can't produce the feeling of beauty. Metonymy is to replace another thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference is that analogy is generally compared, and the comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and thus causes readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "Put wings on your thoughts, dress your feelings, color your voice, and solidify those who have changed." To shape the image of poetry, we can not only use the materials absorbed from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch. Reflect the image in many ways and be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, sang on a donkey that "a bird stands by the pool, and a monk pushes the door under the moon", but he thought it was ok to use "a monk knocks at the door under the moon". He couldn't decide whether to push or knock, so he made a thoughtful decision with his hand. Unexpectedly, this donkey blocked a big official's way, and this big official is the great writer Han.

2. What are the basic knowledge of ancient poetry?

Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry"). Classical poetry includes all the poems except Chuci before the appearance of "Modern Poetry". It also includes all poems except "modern poetry" after the emergence of "modern poetry". "Song, Line and Tone" are respectively a genre of ancient poetry, such as Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji's Return to His Hometown, Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip and Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu. Modern poetry can be divided into metrical poems and quatrains. There are eight sentences in each rhyme. There are five methods (five words) and seven methods (seven words). The first couplet (one or two sentences), the parallel couplet (three or four sentences), the neck couplet (five or six sentences) and the tail couplet (seven or eight sentences) must be couplets. The first four sentences of quatrains have five unique skills. A new poetic style achieved in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (words vary in number and length) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Tao Shu", it is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci lies in that Qu can add a lining to the number of words specified in Ci, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.

3. Poetry knowledge

1. What is the word "poem"? It is the abbreviation of The Book of Songs among the Four Books and Five Classics (Poetry, Calligraphy, Ceremony, Book of Changes, Spring and Autumn Period).

The Book of Songs was originally called The Book of Songs, and was later regarded as a classic by Confucianism, so it was called The Book of Songs. The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems.

Poetry, originally sung with music, is also called "poetry", and later evolved into a literary genre without music. 1, the definition of poetry: < 1 > Ci Hai is the earliest literary genre.

It expresses social life and people's spiritual world with concise language, rich feelings and rich imagination according to certain syllables, tones and rhythms. < 2 > Modern Chinese Dictionary: A literary genre that reflects life and expresses feelings through rhythmic language. 2. Definition and interpretation of poetry (according to modern Chinese dictionary) (1) prosodic language.

Old-style poetry has strict requirements in rhythm and prosody. Especially in Tang poetry and Song poetry, there are strict rules on the number of words, the level of words, antithesis, allusion and rhyme.

① Rhythm (or beat): refers to the priority and cadence of sound, which is mainly manifested in the intermittent pause of tone. △ Wang Wei's "Acacia": Red beans/born in the south, spring comes/sends a few branches.

I wish you/get together more and more, this thing/is the most lovesick. △ Du Mu's Qingming: Qingming/season/rain, road/pedestrian/desire to break the soul.

Excuse me, where is the/restaurant/shepherd boy/Yaozhi/Xinghua Village? Poetry can have no strict rhythm, but it must have a distinct rhythm.

Guo Moruo said: "Poetry is not without rhythm." (2) Rhythm: refers to the flat pattern and prosodic rules in poetry.

Ci Hai refers to the rhyme and rhythm in poetry. △ Pingping: There are four tones in ancient Chinese: Pingping, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone (now entering tone has disappeared in Putonghua).

According to the four tones of modern Chinese (except suicide), it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. There is also an entering tone in the singing of Beijing Opera: Street. The characteristics of flat tone: flat tone: gentle and long; Silence: short and urgent.

The use of flat and even words can make poetry have a strong sense of rhythm. When singing, the drawl can only be dragged until it is flat. For example, the "bright" in the lyrics "The Moon on the 15th" falls on Liang Yin.

△ rhyme: refers to the same or similar vowels at the end of some sentences in poetry, which makes the tone harmonious and beautiful. Generally, the first sentence can be bet or not.

There are some lines in this new poem that rhyme or not. Example: Wang Zhihuan's poem: △ "Lodging in the Heron": The mountains cover the daytime, and the ocean drains the golden river.

A hundred feet further △ "Liangzhou Ci": The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, and the lonely city is Wan Ren Mountain.

Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing! (2) Reflect life ① Reflect working life: △ Ancient proverb: Broken bamboo, continued bamboo.

Fly the soil and eat meat. △ "The Book of Songs: Cutting Tan" Kan Kan cut Tan, and the river dried up.

The river is clear and blue. No crops, no crops, no crops, no crops, no crops. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? He is a gentleman, he is not a vegetarian! ② Reflect the wedding of social Shijie officials △ Three histories of Du Fu △ Tongguan officials △ Three parting △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △ Du Fu's famous sentences △

△ Du Fu's "Soldiers to the East": "Cars, each of you has a bow and quiver on your belt. My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.

They shouted as they ran, pulling your sleeve, and their sad voices floated to the sky ... "△ 《 The Book of Songs 》 Yellow sand wears golden armor for nothing, but broken loulan will not be returned.

(2) The desert is dusty and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Taohe River overnight and reported that Gu Hun had been captured alive.

△ Wang Changling's "Out of the Fort": The moon passes through Qin, and the people on the Long March have not returned. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.

△ William Wang's Liangzhou Ci: A glowing glass of wine urges you to drink pipa immediately. Don't cry when you are drunk on the battlefield. The ancients fought several times.

④ Reflect love life: △ Guanluo △ Peacock flies southeast △ Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang in Li Ji ⑤ Reflect landscape and countryside: △ Tao Yuanming returns to the garden: beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, and the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse. In the morning, it was ridiculous to go home with Dai Yue's hoe.

The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.

△ Tao Yuanming's sentence in "Drinking to build a house in a humanistic environment": "Take the East grave and see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. "

△ Wang Wei's "A farmhouse by the Weihe River": In the setting sun of the countryside, cattle and sheep go home along the path. A rugged old man stood at the door of the thatched cottage, waiting for Fei Jing with a cane.

There are whistling pheasants? Full ears of wheat, sleeping silkworms and peeled mulberry leaves. The farmers who came back with hoes greeted each other cordially.

No wonder I long for a simple life and sigh the old song, oh, back to the past! . △ He Jingzhi's Guilin Landscape Song (3) Lyric: belinsky: "Emotion is the most important driving factor of poetry; Without feelings, there would be no poets and no poems. "

Poetry expresses feelings in many ways: joy, anger, sadness, joy, surprise, fear and thinking. Example: ① Happiness: Du Fu's "The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army": Jibei suddenly spread from the Great Wall to the beginning, and I couldn't stop crying on my coat.

Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine.

Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . 2 Anger: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong": Angry and rushing to the crown, leaning against the bar and raining.

Looking up, screaming in the sky, strong and fierce. Thirty fame, dust and earth, eight thousand miles of clouds and the moon.

Don't wait to see young people's heads turn white, empty and sad. Jingkang shame, still not snow; When will the courtiers regret it?

Driving a long car, Helan Mountain is neglected. Eat pork when you are hungry, and drink Hun blood when you are thirsty.

Stay from the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, and go to the sky. 3 mourning: △ Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice": looking for it, cold and clear, sad and miserable.

It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. How can you beat him when you talk about wine with three cups and two lamps? It's too late to worry! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance.

△ Li Ying's mourning in January: Dear Premier Zhou, I can't go to the hospital to see you, so I have to stand quietly in the twilight of Chang 'an Avenue with a cold newspaper. Any month's wind has lifted my hair, and the dim street lamps are shining with cold tears ... ④ always in my heart's wife thought: △ Li Qingzhao's "Point your lower lip and miss your boudoir": "Lonely boudoir, one inch of sorrow.

Cherish the spring, let the flowers rain ... "△ Li Qingzhao's" Don't worry about cutting plums ":red lotus root fragrance, jade dying. Gently untie Luo Shang and go to Lan alone.

Who sent the brocade book? The word goose returns, and the moon is full of the west building. Flowers bloom and fall, and flowing water gurgles.

4. Basic knowledge of poetry

Su Shi, the title Xilin wall, see the side peak of the ridge, with different heights.

I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there. [Note] 1. Xilin: Sai Linzhi, on Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi Province.

This poem is engraved on the wall of the temple. 2. Fate: Because.

This mountain refers to Lushan Mountain. [Resolution] When Su Shi was demoted from Huangzhou to Ruzhou as Yong Lian's deputy envoy, he passed through Jiujiang and visited Lushan Mountain.

The magnificent landscape triggered a vigorous and magnificent idea, so I wrote several poems about Lushan Mountain. The title Xilinbi is a summary after visiting Lushan Mountain. It describes the various characteristics of Lushan Mountain, and points out that observation should be objective and comprehensive, and if it is subjective and one-sided, it will not draw a correct conclusion.

The first two sentences, "Looking at the mountain from the side is the peak, and the distance is different", are actually what you saw and heard when you visited the mountain. Lushan Mountain is a hilly and gully mountain with undulating peaks and valleys. Tourists are located in different places and see different scenery.

These two sentences summarize and vividly write the various forms of Lushan Mountain. The last two sentences, "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only in this mountain", are the experience of reasoning on the spot and talking about traveling to the mountain.

Why can't you identify the true face of Lushan Mountain? Because I am in the middle of Lushan Mountain, my vision is limited by the peaks of Lushan Mountain, and I only see one peak, one ridge, one hill and one valley of Lushan Mountain, which is one-sided and inevitably one-sided. This is what you see when you visit the mountains, and it is often the same when you observe things in the world.

These two poems are rich in connotation, which enlightens us to understand a philosophy of dealing with people-because people are in different positions and have different starting points, their understanding of objective things is inevitably one-sided; To understand the truth and the whole picture, we must go beyond the narrow scope and get rid of subjective prejudice. This is a philosophical poem by the richest man, but the poet does not discuss it abstractly, but talks about his unique feelings by tightly holding the mountain tour. With the help of the image of Lushan Mountain, he expressed philosophy in simple terms in popular language, so he was kind and natural and thought-provoking.

A night-mooring near maple bridge Appreciation/Fire Wild Falcon Frost Night, Jiang Feng Fishing Fire Sleep. In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.

When commenting on poetry, we should know the author's life. Only by understanding the author's life experience can we understand the connotation of his poems.

Zhang Ji, a native of Tang Dynasty, is a scholar, and his life is not rich. Only this poem has spread deeply and widely, and the so-called "one word touches the world" is probably like this. This poem was written by the author on his way home after losing in the examination room, so it naturally reveals a sad and miserable mood. After all, being the first is the right way in ancient times.

The author's mood is understandable, but he just doesn't know whether to feel sorry or lucky for him. If he had gone to high school, China's poems would have lost a masterpiece. Get down to business.

The title of this poem is very concise. "Maple" is the season; "Bridge" is position; "Night" is time; "Berthing" is time.

Four words, the introduction has been introduced, "stingy" to the extreme. Then the first sentence directly describes the scenery.

Tears in the Moon is vivid and affectionate. In ancient poetry, the words "moon" and "black" are nothing more than "bitterness". The moon sets in the west and the black magpie groans. Zhang Ji's sadness and depression pervaded it, and the incomprehensible frost just filled the world, sprinkling a little coolness on this thick autumn night and Zhang Ji's heart.

The three-pronged approach of vision, hearing and touch appropriately shows his mental state. The same scenery has different feelings in people with different moods.

It is also a lonely boat on the autumn night, so Li Bai and Su Shi are determined to "raise my cup and I will ask the moon" and "ask the sky for wine". But for frustrated people, it is just "walking alone for a long night, the wind crossing zero, and the moon singing in the distance".

Therefore, in the second sentence, the author points out the theme of the whole poem with a word "sorrow", and all descriptions are aimed at highlighting this word. The cold water is sparkling, the fishing fire in the river is lit, and the autumn wind is humming. Pieces of withered maple leaves crossed Zhang Ji's heart and landed on the water, only reminding him of his hometown and his confusion about the future, leaving only one feeling in his heart-sadness.

The autumn wind sends cold, lying alone on the boat, tossing and turning, unable to sleep, and even a little lonely. The image of a laggard jumps from the page.

Just at this time, "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, the midnight bell rang to the passenger ship." As it happens, poetry and painting are integrated with the name of the temple. I'm afraid I'm going to suffocate on a cold autumn night.

Hanshan Temple rings the bell 108 in the early morning of the first day of the first month every year, because Buddhism believes that there are as many kinds of sadness in life as 108, so it rings the bell to relieve sadness. One hundred and eight rings, one hundred and eight worries, and the new year begins.

This is indeed a beautiful wish, but it's a pity that Zhang didn't come here to listen. What he heard was the "alarm bell" that Hanshan Temple was used to every night, but it also reminded Zhang Ji of the legend of "ringing the bell to relieve anxiety". The bell struck his eardrum, his heart and his inner anguish. How he hoped that this sadness would really disappear with the bell.

At the end of these two sentences, the author should hope to inspire himself to rekindle his life and let the poetry that has been suppressed have a rather high-spirited ending. After reading this poem, I felt a lot, but it was all outside the poem.

Is it really the most important that a scholar has only two sons with "fame"? From the Sui Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, how many scholars were tested, among which talents were rare. Most people who are famous for their writing are people who have no official career, such as Zhang Jihe Pu Songling. Is it that you can't have your cake and eat it? The way to make a name for yourself in the world is not only the way to get into high school, but also in ancient times and now.

Don't be tall and strong, the north wind blows geese and snow one after another. A gentleman is poor, who wants to meet today without paying for drinks?

[Note] 1. Dong Da: Dong, a famous pianist in Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty. Ranked first among brothers, so it is called "Dong Da".

2. Wei: dim. Jun: It means Dongda University.

[Analysis] This is a farewell poem, and the object of farewell is the famous pianist Dong. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Hu music was popular, and few people could enjoy such ancient music as the lyre.

Cui Jue has a poem: "Seven strings are cold and five tones, and this skill of knowing friends has been difficult since ancient times. Only Fang Zilu (Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty) in Henan Province has always pitied Dong Lanting. "

At this time, Gao Shi was also very depressed. In wandering around, he is often in a poor situation (he wrote in "Don't move big" II: "The husband should be poor and cheap, and there is no money to drink today." )。

However, in this farewell poem, his cheerful attitude and heroic style make his farewell speech passionate and inspiring. The first two sentences "Thousands of miles away in Huang Yun, the sky is high and the clouds are light, and the north wind blows geese and snow in succession".

5. Basic knowledge of poetry