Selection of Myrica rubra and Woodland in Jingzhou: Myrica rubra is a cold-resistant evergreen fruit tree in subtropical and temperate zones. In the area of 20-30 degrees north latitude, it not only has extensive adaptability to environmental conditions, but also has its own selectivity. Woodland should be selected according to the technical requirements that conform to its ecological habits and are easy to manage. Generally speaking, all areas where wild bayberry grows well are suitable for planting bayberry. 1. Site conditions: 20-30 degrees north latitude, 800 degrees above sea level, 30 degrees below slope, acidic yellow soil and red yellow soil with deep humus layer (PH 4.8-5.5), sunny, ventilated (rain-proof), convenient for intensive management and convenient for transportation. The mountainside area on the southern slope of the hill valley is the best area. 2. Climatic conditions: it is suitable for subtropical humid monsoon climate-the annual average temperature is above 13 degrees, and the effective accumulated temperature is above 10 degrees, 4500-7000 degrees; The frost-free period is about 280 days; The annual average sunshine hours are about 1300 hours; The relative humidity is about 85%; The annual rainfall is1100-1700 mm. Under the microclimate conditions of strong sunlight, sufficient heat, high accumulated temperature in winter and spring, more precipitation in April and June, and moderately less precipitation in summer and autumn, the performance of high quality and high yield of Myrica rubra is more remarkable. 2. Soil preparation in Yang Meiyuan: From September to March of the following year, different forms and methods were adopted to prepare soil according to local conditions. 1. For woodland with small slope and gentle slope, set up ladders or terraces around the mountain-form a belt around the mountain from top to bottom, and pull a distance with ropes. The plant spacing can be 6-8m according to the terrain and needs, the hole depth is 0.6-0.8m, and the length and width 1 m.. The surface soil returns to the hole, and the deep soil is placed outside the hole, and then the hole is divided into horizontal ladder soil (wide ladder dug on gentle slope and narrow ladder dug on steep slope). There is a soil and water conservation ditch inside each ladder, which is 0.3m wide and 0.3m deep, and it is also a path. Weeds and shrub stubble outside the steps can be kept without digging, which plays a role in improving soil, maintaining water and soil, and adjusting the temperature and humidity of forest land. 2. For forestland with steep slope and complex terrain, first dig a fish scale pit or a "triangle" pit, the square is 1 m, and the plant spacing is the same as before. It will gradually become narrow-band stepped soil in the future. So as to facilitate that daily management of Myrica rubra garden. 3. In mountainous areas with hard soil and poor soil, a planting ditch (ditch) with a width of 1 m and a depth of 0.6-0.8 m is set by pulling wires from top to bottom at a fixed distance (the spacing between plants is 6-8 m), so that the surface soil returns to the cave and the deep soil piles outside the ditch to prevent rain from washing away, causing soil erosion and even collapse. Some leguminous plants or green manure can be planted among plants to improve the soil environment and improve fertilizer efficiency. Third, planting: it is necessary to master the technical points such as time, seedling quality and cultivation methods. 1. Planting time: 1 1 month to mid-March of the following year is the suitable period (1/mid-month to1mid-February is the best period. At this time, the survival rate of plants planted is high, and a large number of new roots can be issued at the end of winter that year, and normal growth can begin in the next spring, with strong branches and strong trees, which lays a rich material foundation for Myrica rubra to blossom and bear fruit early. If planted in February and March, the survival rate is low, the tree takes root slowly, and the new buds germinate late, so the whole plant may be malnourished and the tree may be weak. 2. Seedling quality: including seedling growth, development status, variety traits, etc. Seedlings can be planted with 1-4-year-old seedlings. High grafting is carried out after planting 1-2 years. One plant has many ears, and the survival rate is high (more than 95% per plant and 75-90% for scions). The new buds of the scion quickly restored the crown and grew neatly. When planting grafted seedlings of Myrica rubra, the single plant of 1-2-year-old fine variety can be selected as the strong seedling scion, and the reasonable collocation and layout of early, middle and late-maturing varieties should be paid attention to. In order to improve the pollination rate and yield per unit area of Myrica rubra, it is advisable to allocate male plants in higher places (the original forest land where wild Myrica rubra is distributed can be allocated without or with less allocation, and the forest land without wild Myrica rubra can be allocated with pollination trees according to the ratio of male to female 10- 15: 1). 3. Planting method: Fill a proper amount of fertile soil in the dug pits and ditches, lightly plant (if planted too deep, it will not be conducive to the downward extension of root groups, and will also cause mycorrhiza suffocation and affect survival), water the roots after layering, and then cultivate a small mound around the stems to strengthen the seedlings and prevent the roots from being washed away by rain. Four, soil and fertilizer management 1, improve the soil, eliminate waterlogging. The roots of Myrica rubra are mycorrhizal and shallow. A large number of actinomycetes on roots can promote the development of roots and absorb water and nutrients. This microorganism likes to grow in porous soil environment with good permeability and is not afraid of water. Therefore, in addition to intercropping leguminous crops, green manure and autumn-winter crops in the reclaimed forest land in autumn and winter, shallow ploughing should be carried out in summer with a depth of 65,438+00-20 cm, and it is better to cover hay to keep humidity after loosening the soil. Drainage should be done well in rainy season to prevent the loss of fertile soil and the waterlogging of forest land from rotting roots. 2, timely fertilization. In the fertilizer and water management of Myrica rubra forest land, in addition to cultivating leguminous plants and green manure, topdressing is applied twice a year-the first time before germination in late winter and early spring, plant ash, compost, manure, orange cake, dried urine of people and animals are applied one by one. Where conditions permit, calcium superphosphate1-2kg can be applied one by one; For the second time, after fruit picking, in order to supplement tree nutrients, restore tree body and promote flower bud differentiation, ditching 10-20cm should be done under the crown drip line, and 0.5- 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.3-0.5kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and 0.3-0.5 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer should be applied. V. plastic trimming 1. Pruning of young trees: mainly fixing and shaping, cultivating good trees with early fruit and high yield. The three main branches are generally natural openings, natural round heads or variable-edge trunks to dwarf the crown and facilitate tree management and fruit picking. The natural happy shape with three main branches consists of three main branches 1 layer. The spacing between branches is generally about 20 cm, and the plane included angle between branches is 120 degrees. After the seedlings are planted, the trunk is fixed at 60 cm, and three strong branches with balanced azimuth distribution are left in the plastic belt of 30-60 cm as the trunk, and the branch spacing is 15-20 cm. The new useless branches on the base or trunk of the main branch should be cut off at any time. The storage side branches on the main branch and the auxiliary main branch. The natural round-headed tree consists of one layer and 4-5 main branches. The spacing between branches is generally about 20 cm, and the plane included angle between branches is 72-90 degrees. After the seedlings are planted, the trunk is fixed at 600 meters, and 4-5 strong branches with balanced azimuth distribution are left in a plastic belt of 30-60 cm as the trunk, and the branch spacing is 15-20 cm. The new useless branches on the base or trunk of the main branch should be cut off at any time. The storage side branches on the main branch and the auxiliary main branch. The lateral trunk shape is a tree skeleton composed of one layer and 3-6 main branches. The plant spacing is 20cm, and the azimuth angle is 60- 120 degrees. The main points of shaping are: fix the trunk at 60cm, leave 4-5 strong branches with balanced directions in the 30-60 cm shaping belt as main branches or spare branches, and the main branches stand on the upper part as trunk extension branches (coring after 50cm). 2-3 spare branches of the main branch should be left at the extension branch of the main branch ≥ 15cm. Branch spacing 15 cm, which is misaligned with the first layer. Cut off a quarter of the length of alternate branches of each main branch in winter. It is 4-5 years old and its stem is about 4 meters high. Choose 3-6 permanent main branches with balanced azimuth distribution from 7-9 main branches, and leave lateral branches on the main branches, as well as auxiliary main branches. 2. Pruning of adult trees: mainly to cultivate high-yield population structure, adjust the contradiction of long fruit, and promote sustained high quality and high yield. Only the dead branches, diseased branches, transverse branches and useless sprouting branches on the trunk need to be shaved in April-August-September, and no special pruning is needed, and the bearing branches (groups) are updated by annual rotation. 3. Prune the old trees that are aging, the fruit quality is declining, the yield is reduced, and it is not convenient to pick fruits: the original branches can be updated by the main branch regeneration method and the trunk regeneration method respectively. Main branch regeneration method-during the period of closing eyes, cut off the seriously aging old branches with long branches at the position 70- 100 cm away from the base of the main branch, and cut off the strength of the main branch. At the same time, deep tillage, basal fertilizer application and root group regeneration are carried out around the old trees. Generally, strong spring shoots will grow in the same year, bear fruit in the second year, and form a compact and lush crown two or three years later. Trunk regeneration method-select a good part of the trunk to be cut off, use a woodworking planer to smooth the section of the cut old tree stump, pile a layer of fine soil on the stump or coat it with preservatives, dig out some root groups, apply rhizosphere fertilizer, use hidden buds to promote new roots and sprout new buds from the stump, and after 3-4 years of cultivation, the second generation of budding regenerated fruit trees can be formed. The regeneration time in dormancy period is the most suitable, and the new tillers germinated in the next spring are particularly vigorous. There are many new tillers sprouting from old tree stubble, so it is necessary to store the shoots in time and remove the sprouting for many times to promote the rapid growth, early fruiting and high yield of new fruit trees. Sixth, the control of top fruit In the extensive cultivation of Myrica rubra, the phenomenon of "big and small years" is obvious and presents six cycles. The main reason is that bayberry has the characteristics of spring (summer) shoot growth, root growth, flowering and fruiting synchronization. Only by comprehensively using various technical measures and coordinating the relationship between the results and the results can we alleviate the phenomenon of "big and small years" Achieve stable production and high quality. 1, "Chinese New Year" should pay attention to moderately controlling the amount of flowers, promoting the growth of branches in spring and summer and restoring the tree. Spraying 300 ppm, 50 ppm and 200PPM mixed solution of paclobutrazol +0.2% borax +0.4% urea or "flower thinning agent" at the initial flowering stage, the full flowering stage and the end of the full flowering stage respectively; Truncated 1/5 fruit branches; Pruning diseased, weak and dense fruits (less upper parts and more lower parts, 2-4 long fruit branches, 2-3 middle fruit branches and 0/-2 short fruit branches) before fruit expansion; Spraying 100mg/ paclobutrazol on the branches of adult strong trees in the middle and late flowering period; Intercropping green manure in summer, covering under canopy and weeding outside canopy can reduce the temperature of root layer in summer, delay the evaporation of soil moisture, promote the enrichment of spring shoots and the emergence of summer shoots, and increase the number of fruiting branches in the second year. Fertilize 2-3 days before fruit picking. Applying manure 100 kg or urea 0.5 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate 0.3 kg, potassium oxide 0.8 kg or plant ash 5 kg and borax 50 g for fruit picking can relatively control the appearance of autumn shoots. 2. In "off-year", we should pay attention to promoting flowering and fruit setting, and relatively control the growth of new shoots. When cutting in spring, evenly thinning the growing branches by 2/5, and spraying 500 mg/paclobutrazol; On sunny days when flower buds germinate or bloom, spray 0.2% borax +0.2 phosphoric acid = potassium hydrogen on the leaves before 10 in the morning or after 3 pm, once and twice every 10 day. Spraying10-20mg/g gibberellin in full bloom and 50mg/g gibberellin in early July. Spraying "flower-dropping agent" on spring and summer shoots in May-June or spraying 200-fold solution of 5% uniconazole or 100-fold solution of uniconazole 15% solution in early July, ditching along the crown drip line in February 2- 10/October, applying chemicals or mixing dry soil to apply paclobutrazol (65438). Apply plant ash 10 kg/plant after harvest. Seven. Occurrence mechanism and control of main pests and diseases (Hunan) Myrica rubra in Jingzhou has good stress resistance and few pests and diseases. Fruit farmers in the producing areas have followed the planting habit of not applying pesticides for centuries. Due to the difference of ecological environment and wide variety exchange, it is necessary to master the occurrence trend of bayberry diseases and insect pests at home and abroad, and take comprehensive measures (physics, biology and chemistry) without pollution to prevent and cure early. 1, Myrica rubra cancer: it is the main disease of Myrica rubra branches and trunks. The diseased part swells and forms a tumor with a very rough surface. After the small branches are infected, they cause small round tumors, and the branches above the tumors die. Diseases on the trunk often lead to premature senescence of the tree, and even the death of the whole plant in severe cases. Symptoms-mainly occur on 2-3-year-old branches, but also on perennial trunks, main branches and new shoots. At the initial stage, the affected part produces milky white small protrusions with smooth surface, which gradually increases to form tumors and the surface becomes rough or uneven. Corks are hard and brown to dark brown. Tumors are nearly spherical, ranging in size from peas to walnuts, with a maximum diameter of about 10cm. Tumors on one branch range from 1-2 to 4-5 or even more. Usually, they appear in branches and nodes. When the big tree is sick, the bark is rough and cracked, uneven, and there are also raised tumors. Pathogen-Pseudomonas syringae var. Yangmei Occurrence regularity-Pathogenic bacteria overwinter in diseased tumors on trees and orchards, and spread mainly through the scattering of rain and top-down flow after overflowing from diseased tumors in the following spring. It is also spread by air, insects (mainly Myrica rubra leaf moth) and scions. The pathogen invaded the plant from the wound and began to invade the branches from the end of April to the beginning of May. At 20-25℃, symptoms began to appear after an incubation period of 30-35 days. New tumors began to appear in late May and increased after late June. The occurrence of diseases is often related to environmental conditions. The pathogen began to spread in mid-April when the temperature was about 65438 05℃, and it spread fastest when the temperature was 25℃ in June when the rainy season lasted. During the high temperature and drought in July and August, the growth of diseased tumors tends to be slow, and young trees rarely appear. With the increase of tree age, the number of wounds and pathological tumors increased gradually. The incidence of different Myrica rubra varieties is also different. Prevention and treatment methods-① Chemical prevention and treatment: In March and April of spring, before the bacteria in the tumor spread, it is best to scrape off the diseased spots with a sharp knife and apply 200 times of antibacterial agent 402, so that callus forms the fastest. When the callus is formed, the lesion falls off on its own; (2) Before the new buds are pulled out, the diseased branches are cut off and burned to prevent the germs from spreading again; ③ Strengthen the management of Myrica rubra. When picking fruits and pruning daily, try to avoid climbing trees to avoid damaging the bark. When you must climb a tree, you should wear barefoot or soft-soled shoes to avoid wearing hard-soled shoes to climb a tree, which will cause trauma, aggravate the wound and cause bacterial infection. Carry out deep ploughing in the orchard and apply organic fertilizer (especially potassium fertilizer) to enhance the stress resistance of trees; (four) it is forbidden to cut scions from diseased trees and sell diseased seedlings. If individual diseased trees are found in the disease-free new area, they should be cut down and burned in time. 2. Myrica rubra brown spot: it is a major disease that harms Myrica rubra leaves. Symptoms-mainly harmful to leaves. At first, pinhead-sized purple spots appeared on the leaves, and then gradually expanded into round or irregular shapes. The center of the lesion is reddish brown, the edge is brown or grayish brown, and the diameter is 4-8 mm. In the later stage, the center of the lesion becomes reddish brown or grayish white, with dense grayish-black fine particles on it, which are ascomycetes or conidia of the pathogen. The diseased spots were connected into pieces and finally dried up and fell off. Only when the disease is serious, especially the Myrica rubra trees on clay, begin to shed their leaves in June of 5438+ 10, and 70-80% of the second-line leaves fall off. However, those with mild illness did not begin to shed their leaves until April of the following year. Generally, the fruit setting rate of diseased trees is very low. Even if the fruit is set, due to the lack of leaves to supply enough nutrition, the fruit shape is less, the sugar content is lower than the normal index, the quality is extremely poor, and there is no commercial value at all. Pathogen-A common disease caused by fungi belonging to the subfamily Ascomycetes. Occurrence regularity-the pathogen overwinters in fallen leaves or diseased leaves hanging from trees. From late April to early May of the following year, the ascospores in the fruit began to mature, and the ascospores released by rain spread with the wind. The incubation period is long after the pathogen invades the leaf tissue. Symptoms begin to appear about three to four months after infection. Generally, it stops spreading during high temperature and drought from July to August, and new lesions appear in late August. After 65438+ 10, the disease began to get worse, and a large number of leaves began to fall in 165438+ 10. This disease occurs once a year and will not be re-infected. The main factors affecting the onset of the disease-① are closely related to the rainfall from May to June. When there is little rain, the illness is lighter. ② Under the condition of poor soil and lack of ploughing and organic fertilizer, trees are weak in growth and prone to diseases. ③ The disease is lighter in sandy pebble soil or sunny orchard with good drainage, and heavier in cohesive soil orchard with poor drainage or sunshine and poor air permeability. Myrica rubra at the foot of the mountain is much sicker than Myrica rubra on the mountainside or at the top of the mountain. Prevention and control methods-by improving the environmental conditions for the growth of Myrica rubra, the resistance of Myrica rubra trees to pathogens is enhanced. ① Strengthen cultivation management: the garden should be built on sandy soil with good drainage and sufficient light, and on the mountainside with high altitude; Dig deep into the soil to circulate the air in the soil and promote the activities of rhizosphere bacteria; Apply more organic fertilizers such as livestock manure and cake fertilizer, and fertilizers with high potassium content such as potassium sulfate, plant ash and burnt mud ash to enhance the resistance of trees. Clean up the fallen leaves in the orchard in time, burn them centrally or bury them deeply to reduce the overwintering bacteria. ② Spraying protection: Spraying bayberry fruit once before harvesting can achieve the expected control effect. Spraying once in May 15, May 25 and after harvest (from late June to early July) has the best effect. In order to reduce the residue of pesticides on fruits and endanger human health, it is necessary to reasonably arrange the selection, dosage and spraying time of pesticides to achieve pollution-free fruit and disease control. 3. Myrica rubra dry disease: generally more common in weak old trees. Symptoms-mainly harmful to branches. At first, it was an irregular dark brown lesion, which expanded with the development of the disease and developed up and down the trunk. Due to the gradual loss of water, the injured part is lost to a slightly concave strip spot. There is a clear rift between the sick department and the health department. There are many small black spots on the surface of the diseased part in the later stage (sessile, buried under the epidermis at the initial stage, breaking through the epidermis after maturity, forming a circular or transverse opening). When the condition is serious, the site of the disease can reach xylem. When the diseased part spreads and surrounds the branch for a week, the branch will die. Pathogen-fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi, fungi. And the wound is easy to heal; ③ Saw off the dead branches, scrape them flat, and then coat them with antibacterial agents. 4. Myrica rubra branch rot: generally more common in old trees. After the disease, the branches rot and die, which affects the tree vigor and makes the tree premature. Symptoms-mainly damage to the cortex of the branch. The initial diseased site was reddish brown, slightly raised and the tissue was soft. It sinks with its fingers on time, producing many dense small black spots (germ matrix) on the stem, and there are very slender bristles on the upper part of the small black spots. This feature can distinguish Myrica rubra wilt. When the weather is wet, conidia can overflow the ivory tendril-shaped conidia angle from the orifice after absorbing water. Pathogen-Coronavirus (Hofmm) FR, a fungus-Ascomycetes and its control methods-① Regularly plough the soil, apply more organic fertilizer and various potassium fertilizers to enhance the tree vigor and enhance the resistance to pathogen infection; (2) Cut off diseased branches, flatten the wound, and apply antibacterial agent to make the wound heal gradually. 5. Root-knot nematodiasis: Symptoms-Pathogenic nematodes harm the root system, invade from the root tip or tender part behind the root tip, and parasitize between the root cortex and stele. After the invasion of nematodes, root cells are stimulated to grow excessively, forming giant cells and producing water, water and other nodules. Nodules are round or oval when they are produced alone, and sometimes multiple nodules heal with each other to form a block. Cut the fresh root nodes, and you can see the ivory pear female insect. The roots infected with root-knot nematodes turn black and rot in the later stage, and little or no rhizobia roots form. Because the root system is destroyed, the plant grows weak, the leaves are green or yellow, the leaves are small and crisp, the new shoots are few and tender, the fruit shrinks seriously to form dead shoots, the fruit becomes smaller and sour, the branches or whole plants of seriously ill trees die at the fruit-setting stage, and the fruit becomes stiff and hangs on the dead branches. The fundamental difference from elemental deficiency is that there is no knot at all. Pathogen-It belongs to the mixed population of Java root-knot nematode (M uavanica), southern root-knot nematode (Muincognita) and northern root-knot nematode (M hapla). Meloidogyne javanica is the dominant species. Root knot nematodes are bisexual. The mature female insect body is spherical or pear-shaped, and the eggs are laid in the colloidal oocysts behind the body. Male worms are worm-shaped, with well-developed oral needles, mating spines in pairs near the tail end, and no mating umbrella. The second instar larvae are infected larvae, with slender body, flat top, sharp tail and blunt tail, and often contract 1-2 times near the tail. Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne incognita can be distinguished according to their perineal patterns. Java root-knot nematode-perineal pattern is nearly round or oval, the northern arch is low and flat, and a small tail protrusion is often formed above the anus. Bilateral lines extending from the caudal carina to both sides divide the perineal pattern into the back and abdomen, with no or little lateral lines passing through, and some lines bending towards the vulva. Southern root-knot nematode-perineum stria has a high back arch, which is composed of smooth to wavy lines, some of which are branched at the side, but there is no obvious lateral line, and some lines often bend to the vulva; The northern root-knot nematode-perineum type has a low back arch, and some lines often extend sideways to form 1 or 2 wings. The lines are smooth and wavy, and there are usually engraved points at the ends, but some specimens may disappear during the fixed preservation. Pathogenic factors-① Variety: Different varieties have different disease resistance. ② Planting years: With the extension of planting years, the disease is getting worse year by year. There are differences in disease resistance of Myrica rubra at different growth stages. After the young trees became ill, there were fewer dead branches and trees. After the fruit is damaged by root-knot nematodes, a large number of dead branches often appear, or even the whole plant dies. The absorption function and compensation ability are seriously weakened. (3) Planting method: the drainage condition of fish scale pit planting is good, which is not conducive to the spread of nematodes; The drainage condition of the platform is poor, and the rainwater overflows in flood season, which is very beneficial to the spread and infection of nematodes with the water flow. ④ The soil PH value of normal trees and lightly diseased trees is 5.2-5.3, and that of seriously ill trees is below 5.0. Prevention and control measures-breeding and planting disease-resistant varieties, improving root trace soil and micro-ecological environment, and applying drugs with disease prevention function are the development direction of disease prevention and control. ① Using exotic soil to improve the soil and adjust the PH value: Using exotic soil to improve the root soil of diseased trees can significantly reduce the disease index and promote the growth of new shoots. Applying lime to diseased trees to adjust PH value can slow down the development of diseases and promote the growth of new shoots. (2) Pesticide control: select relevant efficient and pollution-free pesticides.