1, the early days of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross was developed from the "Five-member Committee" founded by five people, including Henry Dunant, on February 9th, 863. Henry Dunant witnessed the terrible consequences of the war at the Battle of Solferino. After returning to China, he wrote "Memoirs of Saul Ferino", and advocated vigorously developing international conventions to protect the wounded in the battlefield, ambulance personnel and field hospitals, and ensuring their neutrality.
2. During the First World War
During the First World War, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Red Cross Society as a whole were fully developed. The National Red Cross provides volunteers and more support to the emergency rescue teams in the rear on an unimaginable scale. At the same time, the International Committee of the Red Cross has expanded its scope of work to protect prisoners of war.
3. Turn 19 18 1939
1914-1918 conflict is described as a war to "end all wars"; The Red Cross focused its work on maintaining peace and began to organize and work in this direction.
The unhealed wounds of the First World War, economic disasters and the rise of nationalism led to some conflicts, and the International Committee of the Red Cross found itself working in Europe as well as in distant places-Asia, Africa and Latin America. It has to face more and more internal conflicts, and civilian casualties are increasing.
4. During the Second World War
During the Second World War, only Latin America and several neutral countries in Europe survived the war. For the first time in history, military aircraft made it possible to shell enemy areas of hundreds of square kilometers; For the first time, the number of victims among civilians exceeded that among soldiers.
Hitler's regime launched a race war from the beginning, aiming at conquering Slavs and destroying all Jews and Gypsies. International humanitarian law contains rules on the treatment of prisoners of war (Geneva Convention, July 27, 1929), but does not include rules on the treatment of civilians.
Therefore, the International Committee of the Red Cross can carry out activities to protect and assist prisoners of war, but its work for certain categories of civilians, especially those detained in concentration camps, is very limited or even non-existent.
Extended data
The birth and historical evolution of China Red Cross Society has a profound cultural and historical foundation. First of all, the concept of "humanity" of the Western Red Cross was introduced into China, which was consistent with the traditional concept of "benevolence" in China, and provided a social foundation for the birth of the China Red Cross. Second, the rescue activities triggered by the Russo-Japanese War gave birth to the China Red Cross.
After the birth of the International Red Cross Movement, it first spread to Taiwan Province Province of China from 65438 to 2009 in the 1980s. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894 in July, 1894, it began to spread in Chinese mainland. Having been doing business in Japan for a long time, Sun Shifu, an overseas Chinese living in Japan, learned that Japanese people have benefited a lot from the Red Cross and felt the importance and necessity of Red Cross activities to the suffering people in China, so he translated the articles of association of foreign Red Cross organizations with like-minded people and widely spread the western concept of "humanity".
Sun Shifu is regarded as "the first person who advocated the Red Cross in China". The concept of "humanity" of the Western Red Cross is similar to China's traditional moral thought of loving others, doing good deeds and accumulating virtue. Once spread, it quickly gained social recognition, gradually made people realize the importance of the Red Cross, and laid a social foundation for the birth of the China Red Cross.
1904 (30th year of Guangxu) In February, Lushunkou, northeast China, the Russo-Japanese War broke out for the privilege of China, and hundreds of thousands of compatriots were in dire straits. At that time, foreign nationals living in Lushun were taken out of the war zone by their governments or the Red Cross.
The Qing government, which declared neutrality, also sent ships to pick up China compatriots, which was rejected by Russia, and ships were not allowed to enter the port. In order to help China refugees, Dunhe Shen of Shanghai Customs and others, out of indignation, initiated the establishment of "Red Cross Charity Society in the Three Eastern Provinces". This is the earliest organization associated with the Red Cross in China.
In order to gain international recognition, on March 1904 10, Lu Haihuan, Minister of Commerce and Contract Department of Qing Dynasty, Sheng Xuanhuai, Assistant Minister of Left Ministry of Industry, and others invited neutral representatives from Britain, the United States, France, Germany and other countries to establish the "Shanghai Branch of the Universal Red Cross Society" through consultation. It is recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross.
When the Qing government learned about it, it immediately recognized it and allocated 65,438+two silvers as funds (local gentry and merchants and yamen also advised to raise 202,000 silvers). This is the predecessor of the China Red Cross. 1907 changed its name to Qing Red Cross Society. The early Red Cross Society in China was jointly organized by China and foreign countries, funded by the government and recognized by the international community.
19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out, the Republic of China was founded and the Qing government perished. The Red Cross Society of Qing Dynasty was renamed China Red Cross Society. 19 12 1 month, officially recognized by the International Committee of the Red Cross. 1965438+joined the red cross in July 2009. 1933 was renamed the Red Cross Society of the Republic of China. It has been led by the Ministry of the Interior, the Military Commission and the Executive Yuan.
1949 10 10/day, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. Jiang Menglin, then president of the Red Cross Society of the Republic of China, led some people to Taiwan Province Province, and local organizations disintegrated one after another. Secretary-General Hu Lansheng and other seven people formed a delegation 1950 to go to Beijing and ask the Central People's Government to take over.
According to the instructions of Premier Zhou Enlai, in view of the special nature and historical situation of the Red Cross, the central government decided to reorganize the old China Red Cross into the new China Red Cross. The Federation moved to Beijing, and all the existing Federation employees were retained except those who did not want to go to Beijing; All assets of the Federation shall be properly kept and shall not be disposed of at will; Room 22, Ganmian Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing, will be used as the meeting place after the General Association moves to Beijing.
1On August 2nd, 950, the Red Cross Society of China held a consultation and reorganization meeting (actually the first National Congress of New China) and passed the reorganization of the Red Cross Society of China. The meeting clearly stipulated that the China Red Cross Society was named "China Red Cross Society" and "People's Health Rescue Group under the leadership of the Central People's Government". Premier Zhou Enlai personally reviewed the reorganization report and personally revised the articles of association of the China Red Cross Society. ?
Looking back on the tortuous course of China Red Cross, it can be divided into two historical stages, namely, from the birth of 1904 to the first 45 years of the establishment of 1949 People's Republic of China (PRC), and more than 50 years after the reorganization of 1950.
With the dramatic changes and bumpy history of China society, China Red Cross Society came into being, always rooted in the general public, and constantly developed and expanded, making due contributions to "improving the situation of the most vulnerable groups" in different historical stages. "It has a long history and contributes to the world" is an appropriate evaluation of the century-old history of the China Red Cross.
References:
Official website-China Red Cross Society
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-International Committee of the Red Cross