Planting techniques of chestnut

Reproductive characteristics

Chestnut (Figure 7) Chestnut has a wide range of adaptation to climate and soil conditions. The suitable annual average temperature of chestnut is 65438 0.5—265438 0.7℃. Too high temperature and insufficient hibernation will lead to poor growth and development, and too low temperature will easily cause freezing injury of chestnut. Chestnut likes moist soil, but it is afraid of rain and waterlogging. If there is too much rainfall, the soil will accumulate water for a long time, which will easily affect the growth of roots, especially mycorrhiza. Therefore, it is not suitable to develop chestnut orchards in low-lying and waterlogged areas. Chestnut is sensitive to soil PH value, and is suitable for growing in slightly acidic soil with pH value of 5-6. This is because chestnut is a high manganese plant, which can activate nutrients such as manganese and calcium under acidic conditions, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of chestnut. Xuzhou area is located in the southern margin of Huangtan Lake, with an annual average temperature of13.7-14.1℃ and an annual precipitation of 782-946 mm, which is suitable for the growth and development of millet trees.

Cultivation management technology

(A) Garden selection of chestnut

Chestnut (Figure 8) Sandy loam with low groundwater level and good drainage should be selected for chestnut garden. Avoid planting in places with saline-alkali soil, low humidity and strong wind. In order to open up millet orchards in hilly areas, we should choose areas near mountains with gentle terrain and thick soil layers, and then gradually expand to areas with poor conditions.

(2) Variety selection

The selection of varieties should be based on local excellent varieties, such as Paoche No.2, Chen Guo 1, etc., and Shi Feng, Jinfeng, Haifeng, Qingmaoruanci, Chushuhong and other varieties should be introduced appropriately. According to different edible requirements, fried chestnut varieties should be given priority to, and excellent chestnut varieties should be developed appropriately, taking into account foreign trade export and domestic market demand. At the same time, early, middle and late varieties should be reasonably matched.

(3) Rational allocation of pollination trees

Chestnut mainly spreads pollen by wind. However, due to cross-pollination and self-pollination of chestnut, a single variety often produces empty bracts due to poor pollination. Therefore, new chestnut orchards must be equipped with 10% pollination trees. Practice has proved that it is better to use Chushuhong as pollination tree in Xinyang City.

(4) Reasonable close planting

Reasonable close planting is the basic measure to improve the yield per unit area. It is advisable to use 30-40 plants per mu in plain chestnut orchards and 40-60 plants per mu in mountain chestnut orchards. It is planned to plant 60-11plant per mu in close planting chestnut orchard, and then gradually carry out alternate thinning.

(5) Rational fertilization

Rational fertilization is an important basis for high yield of chestnut orchard. The base fertilizer should be mainly soil mixed fertilizer, so as to improve the soil, improve the soil's ability to retain fertilizer and water, and provide more comprehensive nutrient elements. The best application time is autumn after fruit picking, during which the temperature is high and the fertilizer is easy to decompose; At the same time, it is in the new root stage, which is beneficial to absorption, thus promoting the accumulation of nutrients in the tree and playing a good role in the differentiation of female flowers in the coming year. Topdressing is mainly available nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the topdressing time is early spring and summer. Generally, topdressing is 0.3-0.5 kg urea per plant of newly planted fruit trees in spring, and 2 kg urea per plant in full fruit stage. After topdressing, water should be combined to give full play to fertilizer efficiency. Topdressing in summer is carried out from late July to mid-August. At this time, the application of "Barney Dabica" quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer can promote the increase of fruit grain number, plump flesh and improve fruit quality. Top dressing outside the roots can be carried out many times a year, and the key points should be done twice. For the first time, when the basal leaves of branches turn from yellow to green in early spring, 0.3%-0.5% urea and 2000- 1500 times "Barnadat Bika" boron fertilizer are sprayed to promote the basic functions of leaves, improve photosynthesis and promote the formation of potted flowers. The second time is before harvesting 1 month, with an interval of lO- 15 days, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate with picassol 1200 times. Its main function is to improve photosynthetic efficiency, promote the transfer of nutrients such as leaves to fruits, and obviously increase the weight of single grain.

(6) Irrigation

Chestnuts like water. Generally, watering once before germination and once during the rapid growth period of fruit is beneficial to the normal growth and development of fruit trees and the improvement of fruit quality.

(7) plastic trimming

Pruning of chestnut trees can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning. Winter pruning from defoliation to germination in the following spring can promote the growth of millet trees and the formation of female flowers. The main methods are cutting short, thinning branches, retracting, slow releasing, pulling branches and carving. Pruning chestnut trees in summer mainly refers to budding, pit removal, emasculation and branch thinning in the growing season, which can promote branching, increase female flowers, and improve seed setting rate and single grain weight. 1, shortcut: cut off part of annual branches. Short cutting can promote branching, enhance tree vigor, compact crown, reduce male flowers and adjust nutrient distribution. The leafy trees can be pruned in a delayed way, and they can be cut short after germination. 2. Retraction: it is a short cut of perennial branches. It is mostly used for perennial branches with weak growth, outward displacement of fruit and serious exposure in holes. 3. Drainage: that is, the raw branches, light blocking branches and slender branches in the cavity are drained from the base. 4, wearing a hat scissors: cut short near the new sharp wheel mark in winter, and the coring time is different. Leave 2-4 small buds on the ring mark of the new tip, which is called movable cap pruning. If handled properly, only the small buds on the cap and the big buds under the ring mark can produce fruiting branches. Leaving no short buds on the ring mark of the new tip is called wearing a dead hat to prune, so that the big buds under the ring mark produce fruiting branches. Under normal circumstances, the weak branches wear dead hat scissors, and the strong branches wear live hat scissors. 5, slow release: slow release is not cut. Its main function is to disperse nutrition and relieve tree vigor. Slow-release pruning is often used for lush trees. 6. Branching and scribing: For the strong and vigorous auxiliary branches whose crown is not pitted, flatten them when the juice flows to the bud in spring, and scribble above the bud that needs to germinate, so as to make them grow strong and vigorous branches. When pruning in winter, the slowly released and leveled branches are retracted to the part where the strong branches are drawn. 7. Nucleation: When the new bud grows to 30 cm, remove the top of the new bud. Mainly used for flourishing branches, the purpose is to promote early fruiting of branches. Pick your heart 2-3 times a year. The new buds of the first fruit-bearing trees are long and lush. When the front branches of the fruit grow out, 3-5 buds are left for picking. After the top of the fruit is pitted, about three thick branches can be formed, which increases the proportion of fruiting branches and slows down the outward migration of fruiting parts. 8. castration: only a few male inflorescences are left on the branches, and the rest are gone. Its main function is to control nutrition, promote the formation of female flowers and improve the strength of fruiting.

(eight) thinning flowers and fruits and pollination

When thinning flowers, you can directly remove young flowers and inferior flowers by hand, and try to keep big flowers and good flowers. Generally, it is advisable to leave 1-3 female flowers per fruiting branch. It is best to use fruit thinning scissors and leave 1 single bract on each node. When thinning flowers and fruits, we should master the principle of leaving more outside the crown and less inside. Artificial pollination should choose varieties with good quality, large grain, early heating period and easy peeling as pollination trees. When the anthers of the male inflorescence on a branch or most flower clusters in the male inflorescence just change from green to yellow, spread the collected male inflorescence on glass or clean white paper before 5 am, put it in a dry and windless place, turn it twice a day, and put the fallen pollen and anthers into a clean brown bottle for later use. When the polymorphic stigma of three female flowers in an involucre completely extends to the inverted yellow stone, dip the pollen on the inverted stigma with a brush or pencil with a rubber head. If the height of the tree is not convenient for dipping, it can be made by shaking gauze bags or spraying powder according to the ratio of pollen 1 serving and sweet potato powder filler of 5 parts.