The most basic feature of dialectical thinking is to regard the object as a whole, and to examine it from the contradictory movements, changes and relationships in all aspects of it, so as to understand the object systematically and completely in essence.
After observing and learning and mastering certain experience and knowledge, different people have different views on the same issue, so they jointly expound their views through similar debates and eliminate the illogical parts of their original views in the process of communication.
This has two functions, on the one hand, "trying to make others accept their own views", on the other hand, "giving up their original views in the discussion and accepting others' views". Its essence is that individuals criticize themselves and others at the same time. People who participate in dialectics will eventually reach the same result, which is more objective and systematic than their original ideas.
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According to Socrates, truth is considered to be the most important. Only based on reason (similar to logic, not emotion) is the correct way to convince others and discover truth, and it is the decisive factor of a person's behavior. He believes that truth can be found in the reasoning and logic used in the discussion.
Dialectical materialism is a scientific summary of the development history of human cognition, which is based on modern science and advanced social practice and is constantly enriched and developed with the development of science and practice. The emergence of dialectical materialism is a great revolution in the history of human cognition and philosophy, which has given mankind, especially the working class, a huge cognitive tool. It is a sharp weapon for human beings to understand and transform the world.
Lenin attached great importance to summing up the new achievements of natural science. He revealed the causes of the crisis in physics, thoroughly criticized Mahism and its revisionist theory, and pointed out that the way to overcome the crisis is to replace metaphysical materialism with dialectical materialism.
Lenin formulated a unified definition of substance from ontology and epistemology, and pointed out that the "only" feature of substance is objective reality. This definition is not limited to people's understanding of the specific history of material structure, but reflects the profound essence of infinite diversity of material expressions, which has been continuously confirmed in the development of modern science.
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