Main technical points
Application of Dwarf Rootstock in 1
Due to the differences in climatic conditions and soil types, different types of dwarf rootstocks and combinations of rootstocks and scions can be selected in different regions. The drought tolerance, cold tolerance and easy flowering of rootstocks should be comprehensively evaluated, and the combination of rootstocks and scions should focus on the easy flowering and early fruiting of trees. T337, M9, M7 and mm106; From rootstock is mainly used in Jiaodong Peninsula (including Yantai, Qingdao and Weihai) areas with fertile soil and good irrigation conditions. In areas with moderate soil fertility and good irrigation conditions, M26 and SH superior lines of intermediate rootstocks are mainly used.
2. Adopt wide row and close planting.
Planting density is determined by comprehensive consideration of variety growth, rootstock growth, soil fertility, tree shape and frame structure. Flourishing varieties (Fuji, Jonakin, etc. ) or land with good soil conditions and flat terrain should be planted with a large spacing; Varieties with weak growth (such as Gala, Huaxia, Honey Crisp and some short-branched varieties) or varieties with poor soil conditions and sloping land should be planted with smaller plant spacing. It is suggested to adopt the planting method of large row spacing and small plant spacing, with row spacing of1.0-1.5m× 3.0-4.0m and planting 1 1-222 plants per mu.
3 choose a big temple to build a garden.
Three-year-old seedlings should be selected for garden construction, with pure varieties and rootstocks and no quarantine diseases and insect pests. The criteria for strong seedlings and big seedlings are as follows: the trunk diameter at the variety interface 10 cm in the seedling base is above 1.2 cm, and the seedling height is above 1.5 m; It is best to have 6-9 effective branches in the plastic belt, which are about 40-50 cm long and evenly distributed; The root system of seedlings is developed, with more than 5 lateral roots over 20 cm and dense capillary roots; The length of dwarfing rootstock of dwarfing intermediate rootstock seedlings is 20-30 cm, and that of dwarfing self-rootstock seedlings is about 20 cm.
The dwarfing anvil is all exposed from the ground, which has a strong dwarfing effect, the young trees grow slowly, and the trunk in the middle is prone to skew. It is generally required that dwarf rootstocks (intermediate rootstocks and rootstocks) should be exposed to the ground for 3-5 cm when planted in dry land, that is, it is not suitable for varieties to take root.
4. Set up a training stall.
The orchard established by dwarfing rootstock seedlings is prone to deflection and blow cracking, so it needs to be cultivated on a vertical frame. Generally, galvanized steel pipes (6-8 meters in diameter) or cement piles (10-12 meters) are arranged at the interval of10-/5 meters, buried 70 cm underground, with a frame height of 3.5-4.0 meters, and 4-5 piles with a diameter of 2.2 mm are evenly arranged. Ground anchors are installed at the end of each frame for fixing and straightening steel wires.
5. Cultivate high spindle-shaped and drooping branches for pruning.
Tree selection is related to planting density, frame, combination type of rootstock and panicle, soil, fertilizer and water conditions, etc. In areas with fertile soil, abundant rainfall or irrigation conditions, high spindle shape can be selected for wide row and close planting.
Key points of high ingot forming: control crown width and improve central dryness. The height of the tree is 3.5-4.0m, and the height of the trunk is about 0.8m There are about 30 branches arranged spirally in the middle trunk, and the bearing branches are directly planted on the small main branches. The average length of small main branches is 1m, the average included angle with the middle trunk is 1 10 degree, and the distance between small main branches on the same side is 0.25m. The thickness ratio between the middle trunk and the base of small main branches at the same position is 3-5: 1. In spring, the number of high spindle branches is 60,000-80,000, and the ratio of long, medium and short branches is 65,438+0: 65,438+0: 8. 1 year winter cutting: in autumn, the new shoots on the middle stem are pulled to 95 ~ 120 degrees, and all the side branches of the winter cutting are kept, without heading, the middle stem is lengthened and the head is light and short. 2-3 years: in autumn, the new shoots on the middle trunk are pulled to 95 ~ 120 degrees; When cutting in winter, annual branches with moderate growth potential and large angle are selected as small main branches that do not bear balls. Every year, all the lateral branches over 625px in length need to be pulled below the level to prevent them from developing into strong backbone branches until the growth potential of the tree relaxes and begins to bear a large number of fruits. Year 4-5: When the tree is about 3 meters high, it can bear many fruits. If the tree is weak, some buds should be thinned in spring to reduce the number of fruits. In autumn, the new shoots on the middle trunk are pulled to 95 ~ 120 degrees, and the new shoots on the annual branches are twisted, which relieves the tree potential and increases the yield. Renewal and pruning: For tall spindle-shaped trees, it is very important to keep the cylindrical tree body, ensure sufficient illumination in the lower crown, bear more fruits and have high fruit quality. With the growth of tree age, the way to maintain the tree shape is to remove the long branches on the upper part of the tree in time, that is, to remove the top 1 ~ 2 competitive branches every year. As the small main branches grow longer and thicker, they should be updated in time. When updating the small main branches, the inclined piles should be left, and the branchlets growing from the inclined piles should not be short, and the branches will naturally droop after pulling out or bearing fruit.
6. Strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water.
Dwarf rootstock apple orchard bears early fruits and has high yield, so we must pay attention to the management of soil, fertilizer and water to enhance the tree potential. In areas with irrigation conditions, it is best to install drip irrigation facilities; In areas without irrigation conditions, cultivation techniques and measures for drought resistance and moisture conservation should be adopted.