Cultivation management

1. Soil management

Soil and water conservation is particularly important for persimmon trees planted in mountainous areas. Attention should be paid to the transformation of terraced fields or fish scale pits with high outside and low inside, with stones outside and drainage ditches and water storage pits inside to prevent soil erosion. Persimmons like deep and loose soil. In addition to digging big holes when planting, with the growth of tree age and the expansion of roots, it is necessary to dig deep and expand holes and maintain the soil. The soil layer should be compacted and thickened to give full play to the role of soil. Small reservoirs. It can improve the ability of soil water and fertilizer conservation and create good soil environmental conditions for root growth and absorption. In spring, the tree tray should be lightly plowed and then raked to keep moisture. After rain or irrigation, especially in drought, it is necessary to cultivate the soil frequently to reduce the evaporation of soil water. Practice in various places has proved that grass mulching on the ground of persimmon orchard plays a significant role in maintaining soil moisture, stabilizing ground temperature, increasing organic matter in the surface soil, promoting root growth and improving the yield of strong seedlings, especially in dry land in mountainous areas, which should be vigorously promoted. In persimmon-grain intercropping land, in order to alleviate the contradiction between persimmon and intercropping crops in elbow light utilization and competition for fertilizer and water, we should pay attention to planting beans or dwarf crops near trees and wheat or longevity crops far away, and strengthen fertilizer and water management according to the characteristics of fertilizer and water demand between trees and intercropping crops.

4. Fertilization.

It is advisable to apply base fertilizer in autumn. Persimmon fruit is harvested late. Before harvesting in autumn (September), organic fertilizers such as ring fertilizer, compost and pond mud are mainly used, and a small amount of quick-acting chemical fertilizers are added. Both furrow application and acupoint application can be used, and they can also be combined with deep turning and reaming. Top dressing of young trees is carried out once a year in the bud. Results The top dressing of trees should avoid the germination stage, so as to avoid the vigorous growth of new branches and serious bud drop. The first topdressing should be carried out after the new shoots stop growing and before flowering, which is beneficial to improve the fruit setting rate and promote flower bud differentiation. The second time after the peak of physiological fruit drop in the early stage can promote fruit expansion and increase yield. In order to promote the growth of fruit trees with weak growth potential, topdressing should be carried out at the germination stage. Top dressing outside the roots starts from physiological fruit dropping to the rapid fruit expansion period of about 3 months, and 0.5gb urea and 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed every 10 ~ 15 days. According to the experiment of Linyi Forestry Research Institute of Shandong Province (199 1), the fruit setting rate can be increased by 80%, the weight of single fruit can be increased by 23%, and the average yield per plant can be increased by 38%.

3. Irrigation.

The irrigation time and amount of persimmon trees should be determined according to tree potential, climate and soil water content. Ensure that there is enough water in the soil during germination, flowering and fruit expansion. During these three periods, if it doesn't rain for a long time and the soil is dry, it should be irrigated in time. The irrigation amount depends on soil moisture and tree size, and it is appropriate to soak the concentrated distribution layer of root system. The water source in dry land is inconvenient, so centralized hole irrigation can be used, that is, a number of holes with a depth of 20 carats and a width of 40 carats are dug in the ground inside and outside the crown, and water is poured into the holes, and the water is covered with soil and sealed.

4. Plastic finishing

(1) Trees are commonly used, such as sparse trunk and natural happy shape with many main branches. ① Tree trunk thinning type: suitable for varieties with strong dryness and obvious top advantages (such as Niuxin persimmon and box persimmon). ). The dry height is generally 0.8~0.9m, and the persimmon-grain intercropping area is1.0 ~ 0.5m. The main branches are divided into three layers, the first layer is three, the second layer is 65,438+0 ~ 2 and the third layer is 65,438+0. The upper and lower branches should be staggered. The internal distance of the first floor is 40 ~ 50 CRA, the distance between the first and second floors is 70 ~ 80 CRA, and the second and third floors are 60emcra. There are 3 ~ 4 anticlinal lateral branches on each main branch, which are arranged left and right. Culture fruiting branches on main branches and lateral branches. ② Natural joy and multiple main branches: suitable for varieties with weak dryness and weak apical dominance (such as water persimmon and batter). ). The trunk height is 0.8 ~ 1.5m, and there is no central trunk. There are 4 ~ 5 main branches with a spacing of 30 carats. Cultivate 2 ~ 3 side branches of vest on each main branch. Pay attention to the proper cultivation of shoot groups to make full use of the internal space. The angle of the main branch is 50 ~ 60 to prevent the head from growing, or "false hollow" can be left first, and then removed after the main branch is formed.

(2) Pruning the trunk of young trees, (1) fixing the stem: if the height of the seedlings allows, it can be fixed after planting, otherwise it can be allowed to grow, and then fixed in the next year. (2) Cultivation of trunk branches: When pruning in winter, the upright technology is selected as the middle trunk. Select the lower three branches as the main branches of the first layer, cut 60cra, and cut the mouth to leave strong buds and outer buds. If the selection of 1 year is incorrect, it can be completed in two years. Pay attention to the use of support and stretching angle. In order to prevent the middle trunk from becoming stronger, the height of the middle trunk should be slightly higher than the height of the main branch after bracing. You can also control it by changing your head slightly every year. Strong. When the middle trunk reaches the height of the second layer, it will promote the growth of branches and cultivate the second layer of main branches by pinching in summer or shortening in winter. According to the requirements of the tree, the anticlinal branches on the main branches are selected to cultivate the lateral branches, and the extended branches of the lateral branches are shortened every year. In order to balance the growth ability, for the strong Lord, the side branches can be cut off appropriately. ③ Treatment of auxiliary branches: the auxiliary branches should be less sparse and more retained. Cut the meaning branches and weak branches to promote the strong branches to bear fruit. The upright flourishing branches can be extended and released lightly, resulting in the posterior retraction of the mother branches; You can also cut it short first, then cut it straight and keep it oblique when you cut it next winter, and cultivate it into branches. Pay attention to the affiliation to prevent the auxiliary branch from being taller and thicker than the main branch. With the growth of tree age, dense branches should be properly sparse.

⑶ Pruning of big trees in full fruit period: ① Adjusting branch density: thinning out too many big branches and too dense peripheral branches to improve illumination and concentrate nutrition. The drooping and weak trunk branches at the apex are retracted behind the bow to replace the original head. (2) Pruning of fruiting branches: For dense and intersecting fruiting branches, remove the weak ones and keep the strong ones, and the distance between the same branches should not be less than 30 carats. In the same branch group, if the mother branches are dense, the weak branches should be removed and the strong branches should be kept, and the spacing between the mother branches should not be less than 65438±0.0cm. For the vigorous branch group, different branches can be used to update the stable fruiting position, that is, one part of the fruiting mother branch is selected to bear fruit in the current year, and the other part of the fruiting mother branch is reserved as a reserve branch, with 2-3 buds at the base, and two robust branches germinate in spring and bear fruit in the next year. You can also shrink and cut the mother branches that have already borne fruit onto the branches, and then extract new mother branches. Later, as a result, this cutting method is called the same branch regeneration. For the branches that are too high, too long and have weak branches at the top, they should be shrunk to the strong branches and strong buds at the back in time, or the branches should be shrunk to stimulate the secondary buds at the base to germinate and branch and update the branches. ⑧ Pruning of developing branches; Overdense branches and moderate branches release slowly and are easy to turn into fruiting branches. After the weaker fruiting branches bear fruit, flower buds are no longer formed at the top, which is dense and sparse. If there is room, cut short branches to promote the regeneration and rejuvenation of secondary buds at the base. (4) Utilization of long branches: when the tree is full of fruit, the growth of the top gradually weakens, and long branches appear in the inner chamber, and those that are too dense are thinned out, and the distance between long branches on the same side is not less than 30 carats. Sustained release of branches with residual length of about 30 carats; Cut 20 ~ 30 CRA from those with a length of more than 40 carats to promote the growth of branch culture branches. Strong and straight branches stretch gently, and the lower part forms fruiting mother branches and then retracts. (1) Thinning: Thinning the big branches that are too dense, cross, overlap and damaged by pests and diseases. If the quantity is large, it can be completed in two years. (2) Retraction: For the retained large branch, if the top branch is weak, it can be gently retracted to the lower strong branch; If there is no strong branch, the pile can be retained and recovered. Large branches that droop at the top and grow weakly can shrink back to strong branches at the back of the arch. If the tree is too high, it can be "lowered" as appropriate. ③ The inner cavity and peripheral branches should be retracted and rejuvenated: pay attention to make full use of long branches and renew and cultivate them into main branches or fruiting branches.

(5) Pruning in summer: ① Bud setting: The branches of big branches, pile foundations left after thinning and the bends of thick branches often germinate, and should be smoothed in time at the initial stage of germination, except those left to fill gaps, so as to save nutrients, reduce consumption and avoid light deterioration. After the branches are retracted, many buds will grow near the incision. 1 ~ 2 buds can be left, and the rest are all erased. (2) coring: when the remaining valuable branches are 20 ~ 30 CRA in length, check whether they have been removed. No roof. Stop growing, if not. No roof. When the growth is stopped, the core can be picked at the place where the tip is not lignified, and the secondary branches can be promoted to become fruiting mother branches and cultivated into fruiting branches. For the new shoots germinated after regeneration and pruning, the seeds can also be picked at appropriate positions to promote the occurrence of secondary and tertiary buds and cultivate them into backbone branches or fruiting branches. Timely coring of the trunk, main branches and extended branches of young flourishing trees can increase branches and accelerate the formation of crown. ③ Truncated fruiting branches: some varieties, such as Fu You, Tommy, peeled persimmon, Jiuyueqing, etc. In some years, the newly pinched branches are almost all fruiting branches, and almost all fruiting branches have buds on each node, which cannot form axillary buds. The nutrients produced by photosynthesis of leaves are consumed by fruits, and even the branches gradually die after the fruits are harvested. Therefore, in the budding stage, if this happens, we should leave more short piles of fruiting mother branches 1 ~ 2 cm for re-cutting, so as to promote the germination and branching development of secondary buds and prevent dead branches and aging. ④ girdling at flowering stage: girdling at flowering stage can promote flower bud differentiation and increase yield for young flourishing trees. Circumcision at flowering stage can reduce physiological fruit drop, improve fruit setting rate and increase yield. The width of girdling should be determined according to the thickness of branches, generally 0.2 ~ 0.5 CRA. Girdling tends to weaken the tree. In order to maintain tree vigor, increase fruit size and yield, it is necessary to strengthen soil, fertilizer and water management of girdling trees. Weak trees and branches should not be tied around.