Camellia oleifera is a small evergreen tree with long life and strong adaptability. It can grow in hills, mountains, ditches and roadsides, and does not compete with grain and cotton for land. Camellia oleifera is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with thick leathery leaves and smooth trunk, which can play a role in fire prevention and is also an excellent tree species for fire prevention forest belts.
Camellia oleifera is generally 4-6 meters high and DBH 24-30 cm. It blooms in the middle and late of 10/0. After flowering, the fruit will not mature until June of the following year. Therefore, the flowers and fruits on camellia oleifera are at the same time, which is commonly known as "holding the baby". Camellia oleifera has low requirements on soil and strong adaptability, but loose, deep, well-drained and fertile sandy soil is especially beneficial to the growth and development of Camellia oleifera. Camellia oleifera grown on this soil is full of fruit, with high yield and oil yield. Camellia oleifera likes warm, sunny and humid climate. Camellia oleifera grows in the south or southeast and sunny mountainous areas, with thick trunk, many fruits and high yield. Don't plant it on shady slopes, especially in places prone to frost and north wind, because it will have fewer branches and low yield.
Camellia oleifera is a deep-rooted tree species with developed taproots, which can reach 1.3- 1.5 meters deep, which also shows that it has good soil-fixing ability and high soil and water conservation benefits. On the other hand, it is required that the land for planting Camellia oleifera should have a certain thickness, and the roots begin to move in mid-February, and the fastest growth period is from late March to mid-April. Camellia oleifera grows fast, lives long and bears many seeds. Under the condition of good soil and strengthened management, it will blossom and bear fruit in 3-4 years after planting, and enter the full fruit period in 7-8 years, which can last for 70-80 years. In addition, Camellia oleifera has fast germination and strong regeneration ability, which can be used to transform dilapidated Kenny Lin. Generally, insect pollination and cross pollination of camellia oleifera are effective, especially cross pollination of different plants (many varieties of camellia oleifera are needed for afforestation). Putting bees in oil tea garden at flowering stage can improve pollination rate, and self-flowering can also bear fruit, but the fruit setting rate is low. The fruiting branches of Camellia oleifera are mainly spring shoots, with a few summer shoots. After pollination, the development of the capsule began to swell and the petals withered and fell off. Before mid-March, due to the low temperature, the growth was in a slow stage. After mid-March, the fruit volume increased rapidly, and July was the peak of cone volume growth, commonly known as "July long ball". In mid-August, the growth of fruit volume basically stopped, and it turned into the process of oil formation and transformation, commonly known as "August long oil". From July to August, the growth of tea fruits is closely related to rain. In case of high temperature and drought, dry the ball in July and dry the oil in August. On the contrary, if there is too much rain, the growth of the capsule will accelerate, leading to fruit cracking and falling. Therefore, loosening soil and improving soil moisture and nutrition in July and August will play a great role in improving fruit quality. In the process of tea fruit growth and development, it is also closely related to the number of leaves left on the tree. Generally speaking, each fruit of an adult tree has 65,438+08 leaves, which is a state of balanced nutrition, and each fruit has 26-35 leaves, which is a sign of high and stable yield. When the fruit ripens in early September, the seed coat gradually turns yellow-brown or dark brown, and the oil increases rapidly, indicating that the fruit is ripe. Fruit picking is mostly in the early and middle of (Gregorian calendar) 10, that is, the first frost season of cold dew.
Camellia oleifera is a tree species that gradually changes from semi-shade to yang during individual development. In the early stage, the demand for light was not strong, showing a certain preference for yin. After entering the adult stage, due to a large number of fruits, vegetative growth and reproductive growth alternate, and the demand for direct light is very urgent. For example, insufficient light has a great influence on the yield of Camellia oleifera. Therefore, we must choose sunny or semi-sunny slopes for afforestation, especially in mountainous areas with overlapping peaks, and pay special attention to the slope direction of woodland.
2. Camellia oleifera seedlings
The first is seedlings. In the past, Camellia oleifera afforestation in our county was like this. Because Camellia oleifera is a cross-pollinated and sexually hybridized tree species, the offspring of natural hybridization are very different, and the yield per unit area is seriously affected, which can not achieve the goal of high and stable yield. Therefore, seedlings or seeds cultivated by seeds are no longer broadcast live. At present, all the high-yield camellia oleifera forests have planted grafted seedlings for afforestation.
The second is bare root grafting seedling. The method is to promote the germination of tea seeds from late May to June, and when the buds grow to about 3 cm, scion grafting is adopted. After grafting, the seedlings are inserted into the seedbed and usually come out of the nursery two years later.
Third, container bag grafting seedling. The method is the same as bare root seedling raising, except that it is cultivated in container bags.
The third is transplanting seedlings. This kind of seedling has underdeveloped root system and low survival rate of afforestation, so it is generally not recommended.
3. Camellia oleifera planting.
3. 1, soil preparation. Camellia oleifera has no strict requirements on afforestation land. It can be planted below 600 meters above sea level in our county, but the sunny slope with deep and fertile soil layer and slope below 25 degrees should be chosen as the garden. Different soil thickness, organic matter accumulation and content at different slopes directly affect the growth, flowering and fruiting of Camellia oleifera. The growth and yield of Camellia oleifera growing in the middle and lower part of the hillside are higher than those in the upper part of the hillside. Therefore, the afforestation site is chosen in the downhill or middle slope. Soil preparation should be carried out three or four months before afforestation, which is beneficial to the full weathering of soil. Soil preparation in autumn and afforestation in winter; Soil preparation in winter and afforestation in spring; Soil preparation in summer, 10 "Xiaoyangchun" afforestation. For flat land or gentle slope land, full reclamation can be carried out, with a depth of 20-25 cm, and a planting pit of 20 cm square can be dug. Strip soil preparation can be carried out on slopes above 15 degrees, and block soil preparation can be carried out on slopes above1.5m ... 25 degrees, and pits can be dug according to the shape of the mountain.
3.2. Afforestation. Generally, it is appropriate to use 0/00-130 plants per mu, 2 m× 3 m, 2.5 m× 2.5 m, 2.5 m× 3 m, 3 m× 3 m ... If the density is 2m× 2m and more than 0/66 plants per mu are planted, the early high yield will be achieved. However, with the growth of tree age, trees are crowded with each other, so thinning is necessary, otherwise the yield will drop sharply. If the planting per unit area is too thin, if intercropping is not carried out, it will be unfavorable to the growth of Camellia oleifera and will also increase the labor force for tending. Due to the small number of plants, the yield of Camellia oleifera will not reach its due level. Therefore, it is necessary to control the reasonable density according to local conditions in order to obtain high and stable yield. The fertile land is sparsely planted and the soil is thin and dense; Sparse planting at the foot of the mountain and dense planting at the top of the mountain; Sparse planting on gentle slope and dense planting on steep slope; The experience of sparse intercropping and dense intercropping is worth popularizing. The planting time is 1 month to the end of February, and the seedlings should be planted as soon as possible. Try not to plant overnight seedlings. Before planting, the transported seedlings should be laid in a cool place indoors and covered with a wet cloth. They should not be exposed to direct sunlight, nor should they be exposed to sunlight. For those that cannot be planted in time, they must be planted in the shade. The heels in the seedlings should be spread loosely, buried deeply and harvested well, and the roots of the seedlings should never be exposed to the sun.
There are too many leaves on the ground for biennial seedlings. In order to reduce transpiration and improve the survival rate, 6 17 leaves were reserved when planting, and the above parts were cut off at a distance of 20㎝ from the rhizome. All annual seedlings are transplanted with soil and do not need cutting.
When planting, the dug topsoil is mixed with organic fertilizer, then it is filled into the pit, stamped, and the seedlings are placed in into the pit, filled with fine soil, and the seedlings are shaken and lifted lightly while filling the soil, so that the roots are closely connected with the soil, and then stamped. The planting depth should not be too deep or too shallow, and it is advisable to cover the seedling interface. Planting on cloudy or rainy days. In strict accordance with technical standards, the soil should be moist when planting, and the soil must be watered in time when it is dry. Where conditions permit, it is best to plant new seedlings for shade. The afforestation season of annual container seedlings is long, which can be carried out in rainy season without cutting off the upper part. According to the soil structure of our county, container seedlings should be planted in towns on the west line and bare-rooted seedlings should be planted in towns on the east line.
Because Camellia oleifera is cross-pollinated, attention should be paid to variety configuration. Plant at least 2-3 varieties below 50 mu, and 3-5 varieties above 100 mu. Camellia oleifera is generally suitable for one plant in one hole. The layout and configuration of planting points should be based on the premise that plants do not affect each other and reduce competition among plants. Generally speaking, plum blossom or triangle arrangement is suitable for gentle slope. On the hillside, the plant spacing is small, the row spacing is large, and it is arranged in a ladder shape, which is beneficial to the utilization of light energy.
4. Young Camellia oleifera forest land management
4. 1, loosen the soil and weed. Loosen the soil and weed once in the year of afforestation, and then twice a year, the first time in May-June and the second time in August-September. In dog days, the temperature is high and the surface is hot, so it is not suitable to loosen the soil and weed. The scarifying depth is 3-5cm. Afforestation should be shallow in that year and deep year by year. The edge of the tree should be shallow, the outside of the tree should be deep, the loam should be shallow and the clay should be deep.
4.2. Fertilization. Forest land with sufficient base fertilizer should not be re-applied in that year. Fertilize 2 14 times a year for two years, and apply organic fertilizer in winter, which is domestic miscellaneous fertilizer. According to the size of the tree, 20 kilograms should be applied to each tree in the first five years. In March and May-June, urea is the main available fertilizer, about 25g per plant. Apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer from August to September. Fertilization methods include ring application, spreading application and ring application, that is, an annular ditch with a depth of 15-20 cm is dug at the periphery of the crown, and the fertilizer is evenly spread into the ditch and covered with soil. Spreading is to spread fertilizer on the periphery of the tree and turn it into soil in combination with ploughing. Smearing is not as effective as circulating smearing.
4.3, young tree shaping and pruning. The suitable pruning period is from the slow growth period of Camellia oleifera to the following spring, that is, 165438+ 10 to February. Young camellia oleifera is dry first. In the first two years of afforestation survival, all the new buds germinated by the terminal buds were preserved, making them quickly form the trunk. The second step is shaping. When it grows to about 60 cm, cut off the top, and then select 3-4 branches on the upper part of the trunk as the main branches to guide the main branches to grow evenly outward and upward. In the second year, the main branches were properly pruned to control their growth and make them grow in a balanced way, and gradually cultivated into natural round-headed happy crowns.
Pruning of young Camellia oleifera forests should be tailored to specific conditions, with distinct branches, dense and sparse, weak and strong, with more pruning of weak trees and less pruning of strong trees, so as to promote the germination of good new branches from the retained basic branches.
4.4. Intercropping of forest land. During the young Camellia oleifera forest, green manure, medicinal materials, peanuts or leguminous crops can be planted in the gap of forest land. The main purpose of intercropping young Camellia oleifera forest is to cultivate and protect young Camellia oleifera forest, and the second is to capture early benefits. Therefore, attention should be paid to leaving a certain distance around the young trees of Camellia oleifera during intercropping, so as not to hinder the normal growth of Camellia oleifera. Intercropping should be fertilized in time, and green manure and straw of leguminous crops must be piled up and returned to the mountains to improve the fertility of forest land. All kinds of wrong practices to reduce the fertility of Camellia oleifera forest land should be prohibited.
5. High-yield techniques of Camellia oleifera plantation
5. 1, reclamation. After Camellia oleifera enters the full fruit stage, according to site conditions and variety types. Shallow hoeing should be done at least once a year, and deep digging should be done once every three years, usually after the rainy season and before the dry season. The depth is about 10 cm. After the fruit is harvested, before the moisture of the tree comes up in the second year, the depth is 15-20 cm. We must pay attention to soil and water conservation, shallow reclamation on steep slopes, and deep reclamation on flat or gentle slopes.
5.2. Fertilization. Camellia oleifera has the characteristics of "having a baby" and consumes a lot of nutrients every year. According to the experiment, reasonable fertilization can nearly double the yield, more than double the fruit setting rate, increase the weight of single fruit by 10%, and significantly improve the yield and quality. There are several principles to be mastered in fertilization: see the mountains for fertilization, see the trees for fertilization, see the fertilizers for fertilization, and see the seasons for fertilization. Generally, more nitrogen fertilizer and appropriate potassium fertilizer should be applied in early spring to promote branches, leaves, strong fruits and protect fruits; In summer and autumn, apply more phosphorus fertilizer and appropriate nitrogen fertilizer to strengthen fruit, grow oil and promote flower bud differentiation; Apply more phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in winter to strengthen fruits and prevent cold. The type of fertilizer depends on the size of the tree. Generally, it is required to apply more nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers every year to stabilize the fruit and promote the differentiation of flower buds. The type, collocation and dosage of fertilization should be determined according to the specific situation. Generally, about 30 kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant, about 0.5 kg of mixed fertilizer, about 3 kg of fireclay and plant ash.
5.3, pruning. According to the tree shape, tree potential, management level and growth habits of tree species and varieties, we should master them flexibly. The general essentials of forest pruning are: heavy pruning of dense trees, light pruning of sparse trees; The lower part and inner cavity of the crown should be properly cut, the middle and outer edges of the upper part of the crown should be lightly cut, the growth potential should be moderately cut, and the growth potential should be lightly cut.
The best season for pruning is winter and spring. At this stage, the temperature is low, the humidity is low, the sap flows slowly, the bacterial activity is weak, and the trimmed wound is not easy to be infected and easy to heal; The fruit is still small, so it is not easy to drop after pruning; At this time, the flower buds have not yet differentiated, and proper pruning can sprout more spring shoots, differentiate more flower buds and bear more flowers and fruits.
Precautions for pruning: 1, the intensity of each pruning should not be too large, so as not to consume too much nutrients and weaken the utilization of light energy. 2. The flower buds of Camellia oleifera are mostly distributed at the top of branches, which should be thinned and not cut short. 3. Pruning should cooperate with reclamation, fertilization, intercropping, pest control and other measures to restore the tree potential as soon as possible and form an ideal tree structure. 4. The cut to be trimmed should be smooth. Therefore, according to the different parts and sizes of branches, the method of combining knife, scissors and saw should be adopted respectively, and the pruning tools should be sharp. 5. The repaired branches of pests and diseases should be removed from the forest for treatment as soon as possible, and it is best to burn them. 6, after pruning, strengthen the management of the tree, timely in addition to sprout, bud, in case of nutrient loss and interfere with the tree.
5.4. Reasonable density. Dense and sparse planting with good seedlings, strive for uniform distribution and neat or relatively neat spacing between plants. Generally, it is advisable to maintain 80- 120 plants/mu for common camellia oleifera, 100- 150 plants/mu for short crown varieties and 40-60 plants/mu for big crown varieties.
5.5. Put the bees in the woodland. Camellia oleifera is a cross-pollinated insect tree species, and the fruit setting rate of self-pollination and wind-pollinated is low, only below 3%, and the fruit setting rate of cross-pollination is generally only 20-35%. The fruit setting rate is positively correlated with the number of pollinators. Therefore, it is another important measure to protect beneficial insects and improve the pollination and fertilization efficiency of Camellia oleifera. According to the research, the fruit-setting rate of Camellia oleifera forest with more bees is 7-20% higher than that of Camellia oleifera forest with fewer bees, and the yield is 30- 100% higher. The introduction of soil bees can greatly increase the yield of Camellia oleifera. In Camellia oleifera forest, there are more than 40 kinds of insects such as flies, ants, flies, moths, butterflies and bees, among which native wild bees have the best pollination effect. In the process of flower picking, the pollen of different plants is transferred, which plays the role of multi-pollen mixed pollination.