Cultivation techniques of peach trees in greenhouse ⅰ. Types and structures of plastic greenhouses
The facilities for cultivating peach trees in greenhouses usually use plastic film solar greenhouses, also known as plastic greenhouses. Choose different plastic greenhouses according to the size of trees and the expected market date of fruits. In order to make the fruit mature and market in late March and early April, plastic greenhouses with warm winter should be adopted. Generally, this greenhouse has a width of 7-8m, a length of 50-80m, a back height of 2.8-3.2m, a back wall height of 1.6- 1.8m and a back slope length of 65438. The thickness is 60-80 cm, the cost is low, and the heat preservation effect is good. The columns are generally cement columns, and the skeleton is of bamboo and wood structure, and the spacing between the skeletons is 60-80 cm. The shed film adopts a new type of polyethylene drip-free film. The angle between the shedding surface and the ground is about 23 degrees. It takes about 800 yuan to build a shed 60 meters long and 8 meters wide-900 yuan. Where conditions permit, plastic greenhouses with full steel frames and no pillars can be used in winter. The wall is a brick structure, and the cost is relatively high. A shed 60 meters long and 8 meters wide needs about 20,000 yuan.
Warm winter plastic greenhouse is east-west, north-south If trees cultivated on land for several years are cultivated in greenhouses, a greenhouse with two slopes can be built.
Second, variety selection and planting density
At present, peach trees cultivated in greenhouse are generally cultivated before, that is, the fruits are brought to the market in advance through greenhouse cultivation. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to choose early-maturing varieties, that is, varieties suitable for protected cultivation.
Fruit growth period: generally 60-70 days is appropriate, not more than 8 days.
Refrigeration requirement: the selected varieties have low refrigeration requirement, that is, the accumulated time of low temperature required to meet natural dormancy is short, and the accumulated time of low temperature below 7.2 degrees Celsius is less than 850 hours. In addition, greenhouse cultivation should try to choose self-pollinated varieties with high seed setting rate, large fruit, good color, good quality and good transportation resistance. At present, the experimental cultivated varieties are: common peach: spring bud, early flower dew and so on. Nectarine: Meihong, Shuguang, Ruiguang1; Flat peach: show flat peach early.
Configuration of pollination trees: Although most peach varieties have high self-pollination rate, alien pollination can significantly improve the fruit setting rate, so pollination trees should be cultivated in general. When planting, the ratio of pollinated trees to main varieties is 1: 3-4, which should be arranged in rows or planted at intervals within rows. Young trees are generally planted in rows from north to south, and the row spacing of permanently planted trees is 2m, 2.5-3m or 3m and 4m. The plant spacing of the variant planting mode of early dense planting and late cutting is 1 m 1.5 m or1.5 m 2 m. As a result, after one year, the seedlings are separated from each other or transplanted in different places. When planting, combined with soil improvement, apply 4000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu.
Third, the management before the tent buckle
Peach trees have a large investment in greenhouse cultivation, so it is necessary to make full use of the characteristics of fast growth and early fruiting of young peach trees, strengthen management, and realize planting, flowering, shed construction and spring fruiting in the same year.
Strengthen the management of young trees:
After planting, fix the stem at 30-40 cm. Generally speaking, each plant has two main branches. When the new shoots grow to 30 cm, remove the core to promote the growth of secondary branches and increase the nutritional area.
Core-picking: Core-picking should be repeated for new branches in other parts, new branches that are too dense and grow vertically should be eliminated in time, and new branches with good angles should be pruned and kept as auxiliary branches, or two-year-old seedlings should be planted directly.
Fertilization: from the end of April to the beginning of May, topdressing is performed three times every 15-20 days, with 8 kg of urea per mu and 5 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After fertilization, water and hoe the ground to raise the temperature. In the rapid growth period of new shoots, spraying fertilizer on the leaves every 65,438+00 days and spraying 300-500 times urea or 400-500 times photosynthetic micro-fertilizer can significantly improve the photosynthesis of leaves and promote the growth of new shoots. Spraying liquid with a cooling capacity of 333 1 .50-200 per time in the middle and late July can effectively inhibit the growth of new shoots and promote the formation of flower buds. The quality of flower buds can be improved by spraying 300 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 500 times photosynthetic micro-fertilizer on leaves.
Four, buckle shed time
When to heat the greenhouse depends on whether the natural dormancy of cultivated varieties has been completed. Generally, varieties with low cold tolerance are needed, and greenhouses are closed early, and vice versa. In Hotan, greenhouses are generally closed from the end of February to the end of June 65438+ 10. The earlier the coverage, the earlier the expiration. To ensure full and complete natural dormancy. It is safe to close the shed in May 438+February in the first half of June, and it can also be used to cool down in the early stage of closing the shed. In June 5438+065438+1late October, the shed was covered with grass curtains to block sunlight from entering the shed, so that the temperature in the shed was below 7.2℃. Open the straw curtain at night and continue to cool down 15-20 days, and then turn to heat gradually during the day.
Another basis for determining the closing time of the shed is the expected time of fruit market. If the fruit is expected to be listed later, the shed will be closed later, and centralized listing can be avoided in stages.
Five, barrack management
Temperature and humidity control: Peach tree roots begin to grow actively when the ground temperature is 5℃, and the optimum temperature is 17- 18℃. In order to make the root system grow earlier than the aboveground part, after watering one month before the shed is closed, the ground temperature is increased by covering with plastic film, so that the underground part and the aboveground part grow in harmony after the shed is closed, and 7-65438 is taken from the shed. The temperature in the shed gradually rises to 15-20℃, the ground temperature rises to 14- 18℃, and the air relative humidity reaches 40-60%. During flowering, the temperature in the shed is about 20℃, with the highest temperature not exceeding 25℃, and the temperature at night is not lower than 5℃. In order to ensure that the temperature is not lower than 5℃, use a stove or alcohol lamp to raise the temperature when encountering a cold current. The relative humidity does not exceed 60%.
Fruit expansion period: the temperature is controlled at about 25℃ during the day, not more than 28℃, and not less than 10℃ at night. When the temperature and humidity are high, open the ventilation window and the operation door for ventilation. Vents are usually opened at the top of greenhouses. When the temperature is high in the later period, the front slope of the greenhouse is also ventilated, so that hot air rises and is discharged from the top, taking away heat and water vapor.
Light control: Light is essential for plant photosynthesis, and peach trees are light-loving crops, so the light in the shed is very important for normal growth. When the light is too weak, artificial auxiliary light should be used to ensure normal growth.
Management of flowers and fruits: In order to improve the fruit setting rate and ensure enough fruits, artificial pollination should be carried out, such as using chicken feathers to bomb powder, manually counting powder, releasing bees for pollination at flowering stage, spraying boron at flowering stage, etc. Bees should be released one week before flowering, so that bees have an adaptation process, and pesticides should be banned during the release period.
Fruit thinning: after fruit setting, the excess fruit is artificially thinned to ensure the increase of fruit. Generally, fruit thinning is carried out three weeks after flowering. Generally, there are 3-4 long fruit branches, 2-3 middle fruit branches and 65,438+0-2 short fruit branches. Fruits with more varieties should be properly preserved.
The principles of tree management are: not only to ensure adequate nutrient area, but also to control excessive growth of nutrients to promote fruit growth and development, to sprout leaves in time, to pick, stroke and beat the remaining new shoots to control vigorous growth, to hang drooping fruits, to improve lighting conditions and to promote fruit coloring.
Fertilizer and water management: In order to reduce the evaporation of water on the ground, reduce the humidity and raise the ground temperature, the ground should be covered with plastic film, and water should be poured before the shed is buckled, and little or no water should be poured after the shed is buckled. Topdressing should be carried out before germination, flowering and fruit expansion. Compound fertilizer is better, and special attention should be paid to spraying foliar fertilizer. Spraying urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 10-15 days from10 day after flowering for 2-3 times continuously.
Pest control: the main pests and diseases of peach trees in greenhouse are aphids, gray mold and bacterial perforation.
Control of peach diseases and insect pests in greenhouse;
1. Aphids: Before germination: spray Bomei 3-5 with a mixture of lime and sulfur. Xie Hua 10- 15 days later, 2.5% chlorpyrifos wettable powder 1500 times solution was used to control aphids.
2. Tomato botrytis cinerea: When tomato botrytis cinerea occurs in the greenhouse, 800 times of 80% Sukeling wettable powder is used for control. You can also use 10% Grifola frondosa smoke agent, use 250-450g smoke shed per mu or use dust suppressants, such as 5% mirex, 6.5% mirex and 5% chlorothalonil. , per mu 1kg.
3, bacterial perforation: streptomycin sulfate 200 mg/L can be used. The prevention and control of pests and diseases after uncovering the film refers to land cultivation. It is more expensive to harvest the fruits cultivated in protected areas in time. The sooner they are put on the market, the cheaper they will be. Therefore, the fruits should be harvested in time when they are ripe, but the fruits harvested too early have bad flavor, and the fruits harvested too late are not suitable for transportation. Generally, it is appropriate to ripen in August or September, and the maturity of fruits in different parts is different. They should be harvested in batches and packed in small boxes so as to be sold in time.
Six, after the shed management
After the fruit is harvested and uncovered, the overgrown overlapping new branches, erect new branches and cross new branches are thinned out. The upright buds with good angle and space should be stroked or twisted to promote the formation of flower buds. Withdraw the fruiting branches, renew and rejuvenate, remove the main branches and other competing branches, repeatedly remove the core from the new shoots in early June and mid-late August, and spray paclobutrazol to control vigorous growth.
Applying base fertilizer in autumn: To lay a good foundation for high yield in the next year, peach trees should be pruned in front of the shed, and the branches that are too dense and grow vigorously on the back should be thinned. For perennial peach trees, the over-dense perennial branches should be loosened, and the large branches with space should be cut short at appropriate positions, and the fruiting branches should be cultivated to control the height of the trees, which is convenient for continuous cultivation in the shed. Greenhouse cultivation changed the natural growth rhythm of peach trees, changing spring flowers and autumn fruits into winter flowers and spring fruits. The following problems should be paid attention to when picking peach trees in greenhouse.
1. Select varieties suitable for greenhouse cultivation, such as spring buds and Mayfire.
2, according to the scheduled time to market, choose the type of plastic shed and the appropriate time to buckle the shed.
3. Control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse reasonably, so as to ensure the requirement of cooling capacity in the early stage, and ensure the temperature and humidity requirements of flowering and fruiting in the future.
4. Carry out artificial pollination, improve the fruit setting rate, and take measures such as chicken feather powder and manual counting powder to ensure the formation of enough fruits, thus ensuring the yield and improving the efficiency.
5. Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water to ensure the demand for fertilizer and water in each growth period of peach trees.
6, the implementation of annual pruning, not only to control the height of trees, to meet the requirements of greenhouse cultivation, but also to have enough nutritional area to ensure the balance between the results and long trees.
Management of peach trees in greenhouse when the temperature rises
First, when the prevention and control of pests and diseases begins to heat up, first spray pesticides to kill pests such as overwintering red spiders and aphids, and pay attention to spraying evenly. Spraying 3 ~ 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture at the initial stage of germination to kill all germs.
Second, soil, fertilizer and water management within 10 days after heating. If the base fertilizer is not applied or insufficient, it can be topdressing organic fertilizer 1 time after the temperature rises, and then applying a small amount of compound fertilizer. After fertilization, water can be poured 1 time, and soil can be loosened 1 time when the soil is slightly dry.
Third, the purpose of plastic film mulching is to increase the ground temperature.
Temperature and humidity management in greenhouse during germination period
First, in the early stage of temperature management, the temperature should not rise too fast or too high. If the temperature rises too fast and the temperature is too high, it will cause peach trees to sprout and bloom quickly, and the phenomenon of reverse order of bud first and then flower often appears, which will make leaf buds compete for stored nutrients first, leading to the decline of fruit setting rate, seriously affecting the development and expansion of young fruits, and causing young fruits to fall off early. The heating is carried out in three steps. Step 1, only 1/3 straw mats are pulled during the day, one for every two, so that the greenhouse temperature is maintained at 13℃ ~ 15℃ during the day and 6℃ ~ 8℃ at night, and this is maintained for 2 ~ 3 days. Step 2: Pull up the 1/2 straw mat the next day, and keep the greenhouse temperature at 16℃ ~ 18℃ during the day and 7℃ ~ 10℃ at night for 2 ~ 3 days. Step 3, pull up all the grass clippings during the day, and when the temperature is too high, open the top air outlet for ventilation and cooling, so as to keep the greenhouse temperature at 20℃ ~ 23℃ during the day and 7℃ ~ 10℃ at night.
Second, humidity management The relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse is kept at 70% ~ 80%, which is conducive to its germination. If the humidity is too high, it can be adjusted by ventilation, controlled watering or covered with plastic film; If the humidity is too low, you can sprinkle water, spray or water on the ground and trees to increase the humidity.
Temperature and humidity management in germination stage
First of all, temperature management is very important for cultivating peach trees in greenhouse. When the temperature is too low, the root activity of peach trees is blocked and the trees germinate late. When the temperature is too high, the leaf buds germinate early and the leaves bloom first, which affects fruit setting. In the germination stage, the highest temperature during the day is 25℃, and the lowest temperature at night is 0℃. The temperature control method at this stage is to tie the shed film tightly, close the vent, pull the straw mat in the daytime to heat up under the light, and cover the straw mat at night to keep warm. The temperature in plastic greenhouse is mainly improved by sunlight, and the temperature is controlled by opening and closing vents and uncovering straw mats. From germination to flowering, the temperature is kept at 10℃ ~ 18℃ during the day and above 5℃ at night.
Second, humidity management The humidity in the greenhouse includes soil humidity and air humidity. Because the greenhouse is closed most of the time, the air humidity is easy to be too high, so we can adjust the soil humidity through irrigation and the air humidity through ventilation. When the humidity in the greenhouse exceeds 80%, it can be adjusted by ventilation and dehumidification without affecting the temperature. In addition, it can be controlled by reducing humidity through irrigation. If the soil is dry, it can be covered with plastic film after irrigation, or it can be controlled by hole irrigation in turn, and it is best to use irrigation under the film.
Temperature and humidity management at flowering stage
First, temperature management Temperature control in this period is very important. If the temperature is too high, it will affect its fruit setting; The temperature is too low, the flowering is irregular, the flowering period is prolonged, and in severe cases, the flower organs are frozen. The suitable temperature for flowering period is: the daytime temperature in the early flowering period is controlled at 19℃ ~ 2 1℃, and it does not exceed 25℃, and it is controlled at 5℃ ~ 7℃ at night. The daytime temperature in the full flowering period is about 20℃, and the lowest temperature at night is 5℃. Cultivation of peach trees in greenhouse needs artificial pollination. The maximum temperature in the greenhouse is from 6: 438+00 am to 3: 00 pm during the day. At this time, if the temperature exceeds 25℃, it is necessary to open the tuyere for ventilation and cooling. If the temperature drops slowly, you can temporarily put down a small amount of grass for shading to control the temperature, but you must always change the position to prevent the trees in the shed from uneven illumination and heating. The air temperature and ground temperature in the greenhouse are interactive and play an equally important role in the growth and development of peach trees. Only when the ground temperature of peach trees is consistent with the air temperature can the roots grow normally, absorb water and nutrients, and provide flowers and fruits for the trees.
Second, humidity control air humidity, flowering period should be controlled at 50% ~ 60%, flowering period should be controlled below 60%, and the method of controlling humidity is to let the air out. Water before flowering and cover with plastic film, and try not to water during flowering.
Light management during germination and flowering
Peach trees like sunshine very much. Peach trees cultivated in greenhouse are produced in winter and have the weakest sunshine all year round. In addition, compared with the natural environment, plants grow luxuriantly, with poor ventilation and light intensity, which often cannot meet the needs of peach tree growth and development, and it is difficult to achieve the goal of high quality, high yield and high efficiency. Therefore, effective measures must be taken to enhance the light quality in the shed and promote the photosynthesis of leaves.
1. Selection of shed film with good light transmittance The production experience proves that polyethylene film is better than PVC film, and non-dripping film is better than ordinary film with dripping. Drip-free film has good light transmittance and is widely used in shed film at present.
Second, reasonable close planting, reasonable planting density and good group structure are manifested in the light of branches in the growing season.
Third, cleaning the shed film often cleans the leaves and dust on the shed film to increase transparency.